Chapter 2 Planet Earth - North Allegheny School District€¦ · Chapter 2 – Planet Earth Section...
Transcript of Chapter 2 Planet Earth - North Allegheny School District€¦ · Chapter 2 – Planet Earth Section...
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Chapter 2 – Planet Earth
Section Notes Earth and the Sun’s Energy Water on Earth The Land
Video Impact of Water on Earth
Images Solar Energy The Seasons: Northern
Hemisphere Plate Separation Plate Collision Mount Saint Helens Eruption
Quick Facts Chapter 2 Visual Summary
Maps Ring of Fire Earth’s Plates India: Physical Physical Map
Close-up The Water Cycle
World Almanac Major Eruptions in the Ring of
Fire
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Earth and the Sun’s Energy
The Big Idea
Earth’s movement and the sun’s energy interact to create day and night, temperature changes, and the seasons.
Main Ideas
• Earth’s movement affects the amount of energy we receive from the sun.
• Earth’s seasons are caused by the planet’s tilt.
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Main Idea 1: Earth’s movement affects the amount of
energy we receive from the sun.
• All life on Earth requires solar energy, or energy from the sun, to survive.
– Amount of solar energy received changes constantly
– Earth’s rotation, revolution, tilt, and latitude all affect the amount of solar energy Earth receives.
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Rotation and Revolution
Rotation
• Earth spins on its axis—an imaginary line that runs through the center of the planet around which it turns.
• It takes Earth 24 hours to make one rotation, or complete spin on its axis.
• As Earth spins, different parts of the planet face the sun, thus causing the changes from day to night.
Revolution
• Earth follows an orbit, or path, around the sun.
• Orbit is not a perfect circle.
• It takes Earth 365¼ days to complete one revolution, or trip around the sun.
• Our calendar year is based on the time it takes Earth to complete its orbit.
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Tilt and Latitude
Tilt
• Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23½ degrees from vertical.
• At any give time of year, some places on Earth tilt toward the sun, and others tilt away.
• Places tilting toward the sun receive more solar energy and have warmer temperatures than those that tilt away.
Latitude
• Latitude is the distance north or south of Earth’s equator.
• Low-latitude areas, those nearest the equator, receive direct rays from the sun all year.
• High-latitude areas, those farther from the equator, receive indirect rays from the sun and have colder temperatures.
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Main Idea 2: Earth’s seasons are caused by the
planet’s tilt.
• Seasons are periods during the year that are known for a particular type of weather.
– Many places experience four seasons—winter, spring, summer, and fall.
– In some parts of the world, seasons are based on the amount of rainfall
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The Seasons
Winter and Summer
• Earth tilts away from sun in winter and towards the sun in summer.
• Because of the Earth’s tilt, the Northern and Southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons.
Spring and Fall
• In spring, Earth begins to tilt toward sun, solar energy increases, temperatures rise, and days grow longer.
• In fall, the opposite occurs.
Rainfall and Seasons
• In the tropics, regions close to the equator, seasons are marked by rainfall rather than temperature.
• At certain times of year, winds bring either dry or moist air to the tropics, creating wet and dry seasons.
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Water on Earth
The Big Idea
Water is a dominant feature on Earth’s surface and is essential for life.
Main Ideas
• Salt water and freshwater make up Earth’s water supply.
• In the water cycle, water circulates from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again.
• Water plays an important role in people’s lives.
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Main Idea 1: Salt water and freshwater make up Earth’s
water supply.
• About 97 percent of the Earth’s water
• Unsafe to drink because of high levels of salt
• In general, found in Earth’s oceans, which cover some 71 percent of the planet’s surface
• Also found in some of Earth’s lakes
Earth’s Water • Water covers some two-thirds of the planet.
Salt Water
• Water without salt
• Makes up only 3 percent of our water supply Freshwater
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Freshwater
• Much of Earth’s freshwater is locked in glaciers, large areas of slow moving ice, and in the ice of the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
• Surface water is water that is found in Earth’s streams, rivers, and lakes.
– Less than one percent of Earth’s water supply
– Streams, rivers, and lakes are common sources.
• Precipitation is water that falls to Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
– Streams form when precipitation collects in a narrow channel and flows toward the ocean.
• Most available freshwater is groundwater, water found below Earth’s surface.
– Some naturally bubbles from the ground to the surface as a spring.
– Most obtained by digging wells
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Main Idea 2: In the water cycle, water circulates from
Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again.
• Water is the only substance on Earth that occurs naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas, or water vapor.
• The water cycle is the movement of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back ; it is driven by the sun’s energy.
– Evaporation—water turns from liquid to gas.
– Condensation—the rising gas cools and condenses, or changes from a vapor into tiny liquid droplets, to form clouds.
– Precipitation—if the droplets in clouds become heavy enough, they fall back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
– Runoff—excess water that isn’t absorbed as groundwater flows over land and collects in streams, rivers, and oceans.
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Main Idea 3: Water plays an important role in
people’s lives.
Water Problems
• Lack of available freshwater, which can be caused by droughts or overuse
• Contaminated, or polluted, water can harm humans, plants, and animals.
• Flooding can damage property and threaten lives.
Water Benefits
• Provides us with food to eat
• Important source of energy
• Provides us with recreation, including swimming, fishing, surfing, and sailing
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The Land
The Big Idea
Processes below and on Earth’s surface shape the planet’s physical features.
Main Ideas
• Earth’s surface is covered by many different landforms.
• Forces below Earth’s surface build up our landforms.
• Forces on the planet’s surface shape Earth’s landforms.
• Landforms influence people’s lives and culture.
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Main Idea 1: Earth’s surface is covered by many different
landforms.
• Landforms, or shapes on the planet’s surface, make up the landscapes that surround us.
• Earth’s surface is covered with landforms of many different shapes and sizes.
– Mountains, land that rises higher than 2,000 feet
– Valleys, areas of low land located between mountains or hills
– Plains, stretches of mostly flat land
– Islands, areas of land completely surrounded by water
– Peninsulas, land surrounded by water on three sides
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Earth’s Plates
Movement of Continents
• The planet’s continents, or large landmasses, are part of Earth’s crust—the solid outer layer of the planet.
• Theory of plate tectonics suggests that Earth’s surface is divided into a dozen or so slow-moving plates, or pieces of Earth’s crust.
• The idea that continents have traveled great distances over millions of years is known as continental drift.
• Theory, developed by Alfred Wegener, states that the continents were once united in a single supercontinent and over time, slowly separated and moved to their present positions.
• As plates collide, separate, and slide, they shape Earth’s landforms
Main Idea 2: Forces below Earth’s surface build up our
landforms.
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Plates Collide, Separate, and Slide
Plates Collide
• Two ocean plates: one pushes under the other, creating ocean trenches, or deep valleys in ocean floor
• Ocean and continental plate: ocean plate drops beneath continental plate, forcing land above to crumple and form mountain range
• Two continental plates: land pushes up to form mountains
Plates Separate
• As plates move apart, gaps between plates allow magma to rise to Earth’s crust.
• Lava, magma that reaches the Earth’s surface, emerges from the gap.
• As lava cools, it builds a mid-ocean range, or underwater mountain, that can rise above the surface of the ocean to form islands.
Plates Slide
• As plates pass by each other, they sometimes grind together, producing earthquakes, sudden, violent movements of Earth’s crust.
• Earthquakes often take place along faults, or breaks in Earth’s crust where movement occurs.
• The region around the Pacific plate, called the Ring of Fire, is home to most of the world’s earthquakes and volcanoes.
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Main Idea 3: Forces on the planet’s surface shape
Earth’s landforms.
• Weather, water, and other forces change Earth’s landforms by wearing them away or reshaping them.
• Weathering is the process by which rock is broken down into smaller pieces called sediment.
– Heating and cooling can cause rocks to crack.
– Expansion of water as it freezes can cause cracks to expand.
– Roots of trees can pry rocks apart.
• Erosion is the movement of sediment from one location to another.
– Can wear away or build up landforms
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Types of Erosion
Wind Erosion
• Winds lift sediment into air and carry it across great distances .
• On beaches and in deserts, deposits can form dunes.
• Blowing sand can wear down rock.
Glacial Erosion
• Glaciers, or large, slow-moving sheets of ice, erode the land by carving valleys and mountain peaks.
• Crush rock into sediment and move it great distances
Water Erosion
• Waves and flowing water can cut through rock, carry sediment, and deposit sediment in new locations.
• Floodplains are created when rivers flood their banks and deposit sediment.
• Sediment carried by a river all the way to the sea creates a delta.
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Main Idea 4: Landforms influence people’s lives and
culture.
Landforms can influence where people settle.
Landforms can affect language.
Landforms often influence what jobs are available in a region.
People sometimes change landforms to suit their needs.
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