Chapter 2 NUTRITION GUIDELINES: Applying the Science of Nutrition.
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Transcript of Chapter 2 NUTRITION GUIDELINES: Applying the Science of Nutrition.
Chapter 2NUTRITION GUIDELINES: Applying the Science of Nutrition
Nutrition Recommendations for the Canadian Diet In the 1860s, the Industrial Revolution
induced the British government to make the first nutritional recommendations.
Today, the World Health Organization makes international health recommendations.
Canada makes nutritional and health recommendations for its citizens in Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide (2007).
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Reference Intakes Used for planning and assessing diets of
healthy people Vary according to life-stage and gender Have replaced Recommended Nutrient
Intakes (RNIs) Promote good health and reduce chronic
disease
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs have been developed for:
Energy (carbohydrate, protein and fat) Water-soluble vitamins (B’s and C) Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) Minerals (iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
fluoride, selenium, zinc, copper, sodium and potassium)
Water
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Reference Intakes: 4 Sets The DRIs for macro- and micronutrients are
listed in four different sets of values:1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) – the
estimated amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of 50% of people within a particular sex and life-stage group
2. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) – the recommended target intake of a nutrient for an individual
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Reference Intakes: 4 Sets
3. Adequate Intake (AI) – the recommended specific amount of a nutrient for an individual
4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) – the maximum daily intake of a nutrient unlikely to cause adverse health effects
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy Recommendations The DRIs make two types of energy intake
recommendations: Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) – used to
calculate kcalorie intake needed to maintain body weight
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) – range for healthy intake carbohydrate (45 to 60%) protein (10 to 35%) fat (20 to 35%)
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Dietary Reference Intakes
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Dietary Guidelines for Canadians The dietary guidelines for Canadians are
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide – a food-based dietary pattern that shows people how to obtain necessary nutrients and ensure good health.
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Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide
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Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide Individuals should consume foods from all four food
groups to meet their needs for vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.
There are recommended serving sizes for each food. The recommended number of servings varies
depending on sex and life-stage. The recommendations are for age 2 and above. Eating the recommended types and amounts of foods
reduces risk for chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, certain cancers and osteoporosis).
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide (cont’d) Food choices should be low in fat, low in sugar, low
in sodium and high in fibre. Water is the recommended beverage to quench
thirst. Recommendations are made for physical activity. Read food labels to assist in making better food
choices. Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide: First
Nations, Inuit, and Métis recognizes the cultural values and traditional foods of these groups.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide Groups are determined by nutrient content
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Estimating Serving Sizes
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Estimating Serving Sizes
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Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide Websites to assist in the implementation of
Canada’s nutritional recommendations:
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index-eng.php
www.healthcanada.gc.ca/foodguide
www.eatracker.ca
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/akt_formats/pdf/label-etiquet/nutrition/cons/fact-fiche-eng-pdf
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Food Labels
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Food Labels Food label requirements in Canada:
name of product weight of product date by which the product should be sold (if
perishable) name of manufacturer, packager or distributor list of ingredients nutrition facts table
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Food Labels Ingredient List
all items must be listed highest weighted items listed first additives, food colours and flavourings must be
listed
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Food Labels The Nutrition Facts Table includes:
serving size number of kcalories (calories) per serving total amount of fat and amounts of saturated fat, trans fat and
cholesterol per serving total amount of carbohydrates and amount of fibre per serving amount of protein per serving amounts of nutrients per serving
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Food Labels (cont’d) The Nutrition Facts Table includes:
amount of vitamin A per serving amount of vitamin C per serving amount of calcium per serving amount of iron per serving measurement of each nutrient and the % daily
value are listed
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Food Labels % Daily Value
a percentage (%) of a standard called Daily Value (DV)
developed for food labels based on recommendations for a healthy diet based on nutritional needs of a person consuming
2000 kcalories per day goal: allows consumers to compare products a 5% daily value is low a 15% daily value is high
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Evaluating Daily Values
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Food Labels – Daily Values
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Food Labels- Recommended Daily Intake
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Food Labels Three additional claims may appear on
labels: Nutrient-content Disease-risk reduction Nutrient-function
Food labelling is regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency
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Descriptors Commonly Used on Food Labels
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Descriptors Commonly Used on Food Labels
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Food Labels- Health Claims
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Food Labels: Nutrient-Function Claims
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Health Products Labelling The Natural Health Products Directorate of
Health Canada regulates: vitamin and mineral supplements natural health products herbal remedies traditional medicines homeopathic products
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Health Products Labelling Labels on health products must include:
product name product licence holder Natural Product Number (NPN) and Homeopathic
Number (DIN-HM) medicinal and non-medicinal ingredients dosage form recommended use or purpose risk information
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Assessing Nutritional Health Nutritional assessments can help individuals
determine if their intake is healthy and if they are at risk for chronic disease.
Dietary Intake can be assessed through: 24-hour recall food diary or food intake record food frequency questionnaire diet history
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Assessing Nutritional Health Challenges in determining dietary intake:
unable to recall exactly what was eaten under- and overestimation of portion consumed weekend intake differ from that during the week lack of commitment to recording intake intake not a typical day
For greater accuracy, more than one method should be used to obtain intake information.
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Assessing Nutritional Health
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Analyzing Nutrient Intake
Nutrient Analysis tools are used to determine if dietary intake is adequate:
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide food labels nutrient content tables computer programs
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Additional Information Needed to Assess Nutritional Health In addition to nutrient intake, information
about an individual’s physical health is needed. This can include:
anthropometric measurements, such as height and weight
medical history and physical exam laboratory measurements
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Stages of Nutrient Deficiency
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Monitoring Food Supply Food Disappearance Surveys
a means of estimating the food available to a population and identifying trends in diets
Example → trends in Canadian milk consumption:
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Canadian Community Health Survey The Canadian Community Health Survey
began interviewing Canadians in 2001 has a goal to examine the nutritional status of
Canadians compares trends in food intake and health is ongoing
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Canadian Healthy Eating Index The Canadian Healthy Eating Index (CHEI)
scores a diet by measuring the quality of the dietary pattern according to Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide.
A score of 100% means that an individual meets the recommended servings for all food groups.
The average CHEI score for Canadians is 58.8%.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Healthy Living Strategy Canada has set health goals for Canadians to be
achieved by 2015: Canadians making healthy food choices
2003 – 39% 2015 – 46.8% Canadians engaging in physical activity (30 minutes per day)
2003 – 50.4% 2015 – 60.5% Canadians with a normal body weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9)
2003 – 46.7% 2015 – 56%
Disparities in health will be addressed by targeting low-income Canadians and First Nations people.
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Copyright
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All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
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