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7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
1/54
How Does the Brain Communicate?
Organization of the Nervous System
How is the Brain Organized?
The Endocrine System
What Makes Us Who We Are?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
2/54
Myelin
Sheath
Axon
Terminal Buttons and Synapses
Dendrites
Soma
How do
We Studythe Brain?
The
EndocrineSystem
What Makes
Us WhoWe Are?
How Does
the BrainCommunicate?
How do
NeurotransmittersWork?
Organization
of the NervousSystem
How is
the BrainOrganized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Spinal cord
(cross section)
Motor neuronssend information
from your spinal cord to your arm
muscles, signaling them tocontract, jerking your hand away.
Sensory neuronssend
information from your (hot)
fingertips up your arm and
to your spinal cord.
You touch the hot stove;
the heat registers in your
skins sensory receptors.
1
2
4
In the spinal cord, information
travels from sensory neurons
to motor neurons.
3
How do
We Studythe Brain?
The
EndocrineSystem
What Makes
Us WhoWe Are?
How Does
the BrainCommunicate?
How do
NeurotransmittersWork?
Organization
of the NervousSystem
How is
the BrainOrganized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Soma
How do
We Studythe Brain?
The
EndocrineSystem
What Makes
Us WhoWe Are?
How Does
the BrainCommunicate?
How do
NeurotransmittersWork?
Organization
of the NervousSystem
How is
the BrainOrganized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Dendrites
How do
We Studythe Brain?
The
EndocrineSystem
What Makes
Us WhoWe Are?
How Does
the BrainCommunicate?
How do
NeurotransmittersWork?
Organization
of the NervousSystem
How is
the BrainOrganized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Axon
How do
We Studythe Brain?
The
EndocrineSystem
What Makes
Us WhoWe Are?
How Does
the BrainCommunicate?
How do
NeurotransmittersWork?
Organization
of the NervousSystem
How is
the BrainOrganized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Myelin Sheath
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Synaptic Cleft
Terminal Buttons and Synapses
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Presynaptic
Neuron
Postsynaptic
Neuron
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Synaptic
Vesicles
NeurotransmitterMolecules
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Handout
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7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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dendrites
Myelin Sheath
axon
Axon bulbCell body/nucleus
Direction of Neural Messages
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7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Axon
Inside
Electrode
Outside
Electrode
50
0
-50
-100
Milliseconds
Millivolts
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Axon
Inside
Electrode
Outside
Electrode
50
0
-50
-100
Milliseconds
Millivolts
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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50
0
-50
-100
Milliseconds
Millivolts
50
0
-50
-100
Milliseconds
Millivolts
Action Potential No Action Potential
OR
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Axon
Inside
Electrode
Outside
Electrode
50
0
-50
-100
Milliseconds
Millivolts
Refractory
Period
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Neurons can simultaneously receive both excitatory and inhibitory
signals from other neurons. The cell will fire an action potential onlyif it reaches threshold.
Presynaptic
neuron
CI-leaks
into neuron
Postsynaptic
neuronNa+leaks
into neuron
Excitation
Inhibition
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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1Synthesisand storageof
neurotransmitter molecules
in synaptic vesicles
2 Release of neurotransmittermolecules into synaptic cleft
5Reuptakeof neurotransmitters
sponged up by the
presynaptic neuron
4Inactivation (by enzymes) or
removal(drifting away) of
neurotransmitters
3Binding of neurotransmitters
at receptor sites onpostsynaptic membrane
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Question
Suki takes a drug that causes potassium
ions to leave her neurons. This drug is
likely to produce what type of effect on her
neurons?
a. Increased firing
b. Excitation
c. Inhibition
d. Both excitation and inhibition
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7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Peripheral
Nervous
System
(PNS)
Nerves that
carry signals
to and from
the brain and
spinal cord
Nervous system
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
BrainSpinalcord
Autonomic nervoussystem (ANS)
Somatic nervoussystem
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
Central
Nervous
System
(CNS)
Brain
Spinal
Cord
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Visual sensory
information
travels to the eye Interneurons
process information
within the brain
Sensory pathways carry
visual information
to the brain
Motor pathways carry
information away
from the brain
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Dilates pupils,
inhibits tears
Contracts pupil,
stimulates tears
Inhibits salivation
(dry mouth)Activates salivation
Dilates bronchi,
increases respiration
Constricts bronchi,
calms respiration
Accelerates heart rateSlows heart rate
Goose bumps;
activates sweat glands
No goose bumps;
inhibits sweat glands
Inhibits activity Stimulates activity
Slows glucose release
Promotes ejaculation
and vaginal contractions
Stops releasing adrenalin
Dilates blood vessels
Constricts bladder;stimulates elimination
Stimulates genitals
Stimulates glucose release
Releases adrenalin
Contracts blood vessels
Relaxes bladder;
inhibits elimination
SympatheticNervous System
ParasympatheticNervous System
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
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Question
Which branch of the automatic nervous
system is most active when we are
relaxed?
a. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic
c. Endocrine
d. Spinal
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Nervous System Made Easy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XEoz_rf40A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XEoz_rf40Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XEoz_rf40A -
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons
-
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Midbrain
-
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
34/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Septum
Amygdala Hippocampus
-
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H.M.
Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926December 2, 2008)
-Severe uncontrolled epilepsy
-destroyed hippocampus
-seizures stopped but developed anterograde amnesia (could not store
new memories-His case played a very important role in the development of theories
that explain the link between brain function and memory
-UC San Diego where it was sliced into histological sections on
December 4, 2009
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365029824/
Key ethical aspect of the scientists studying HMs brain after
death?
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365029824/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365029824/ -
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Brocas area
Primary motor area
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
39/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Productionof Speech
Brocas Area
-
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Primary
somatosensory
area
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Primary visual area
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Wernickes area
Primary auditory area
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Wernickes Area
Comprehensionof Language
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Stimulus in Left
Half of Visual Field
Fixation Point
Left Eye
Left Hemisphere(Control of Right Hand)
Optic Nerves
Information Delivered
to Left Visual
Processing Area
Stimulus in Right
Half of Visual Field
Right Eye
Right Hemisphere(Control of Light Hand)
Severed Corpus
Callosum
Information Delivered
to Right Visual
Processing Area
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
45/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Stimulus in Left
Half of Visual Field
Fixation Point
Left Eye
Left Hemisphere(Control of Right Hand)
Optic Nerves
Information Delivered
to Left Visual
Processing Area
Stimulus in Right
Half of Visual Field
Right Eye
Right Hemisphere(Control of Light Hand)
Severed Corpus
Callosum
Information Delivered
to Right Visual
Processing Area
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Question
Billy suffered a stroke on the left side of his brain. Most of
his left frontal lobe was destroyed. What symptoms
would you most expect to see in Billy as a result of this
damage?
a. Paralysis on the right side of his body and an inability tospeak
b. Paralysis on the right side of his body and an inability to
understand speech
c. Paralysis in the left leg, partial deafness, and stuttering
d. Paralysis on the left side of his body and an inability to
understand speech
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBH
Ph5c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NG
QReL4
(stop at 5:50)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBHPh5chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBHPh5chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NGQReL4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NGQReL4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NGQReL4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NGQReL4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBHPh5chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBHPh5c -
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary Glands
Thyroid Gland
Ovary(in Female)
Testis(in Male)
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
49/54
Question
Juanita was just frightened by a snake.
Which of the following endocrine glands
most likely played the biggest role in her
response to danger?
a. Thymus
b. Thyroid
c. Adrenal Cortex
d. Adrenal Medulla
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Glands
Thyroid Gland
Ovary(in Female,
Release Estrogens)
Testis(in Male,
Release Androgens)
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
51/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
52/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
53/54
How do
We Study
the Brain?
The
Endocrine
System
What Makes
Us Who
We Are?
How Does
the Brain
Communicate?
How do
Neurotransmitters
Work?
Organization
of the Nervous
System
How is
the Brain
Organized?
-
7/27/2019 Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology
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Question
Dr. Jasper is a scientist who believes that environment
influences can affect the way that our genes are
expressed during development. In his studies, he is
examining how maternal environment can affect fur
coloring in subsequent generations of rats. Dr. Jasper isLEAST likely to agree that our traits are the result
of______
a. Epigenetics
b. Interactionismc. Nature forces
d. a and b
