Chapter 2. Network Models
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Transcript of Chapter 2. Network Models
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Chapter 2. Network Models
1. Layered Tasks
2. The OSI Model
3. Layers in the OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5. Addressing
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Layered Model: Sending a Letter
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OSI Model
• Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s• ISO is the organization, OSI is the model
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OSI Model
• ISO is the organization. OSI is the model
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Interaction between layers in the OSI model
• Layer and interface
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An exchange using the OSI model
• Encapsulation with header and possibly trailer
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Physical Layer
• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next
• Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
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Physical Layer: Duties
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media• Representation of bits• Data rate• Synchronization of bits• Line configuration• Physical topology• Transmission mode
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Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
• Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link
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Data Link Layer: Duties
• Framing• Physical addressing• Flow control• Error control• Access control
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Hop-to-Hop Delivery
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Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the source host to the destination host
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Network Layer: Duties
• Logical addressing and routing
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Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another
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Transport Layer: Duties
• Service-point (port) addressing• Segmentation and reassembly• Connection control• Flow control• Error control
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Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message
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Session Layer
• Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization
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Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption
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Application Layer
• Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user
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Application Layer: Services
• Network virtual terminal• Mail services• File transfer, access, and management• Directory services
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Summary of Layers
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TCP/IP and OSI Model
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer– No specific protocol
• Network layer– IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMO(Internet Group Message Protocol)
• Transport layer– TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram
Protocl), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol),
• Application Layer– Combined session, presentation, and application layers
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Addressing
• Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
• Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific addresses
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Relationship of Layers and Addresses
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Physical Address
• A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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Logical (IP) Address
• The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same
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Port Address
• The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same
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Specific Address
• Some application have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific address
• Example 1: e-mail address: [email protected]– Defines the recipient of an e-mail
• Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) : www.kbs.co.kr– Used to find a document on the WWW