Chapter 2Inorganic Solids in Soil

continued

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/graphic0/rockmin/ion-cov.gif

http://www.webchem.net/images/bonds/covale2.gif

Nuclei repel, but are attracted by the pair of negative electrons.

What holds a covalent bond together?

http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/6_Minerals/6_Minerals_index.html

Pauling’s Rules predict configuration of atoms into a crystal structure

Soil clay minerals Silica Tetrahedrons – one building

block of soil minerals

Crystal pictures are from Bob Harter at Univ. of New Hampshire http://pubpages.unh.edu/~harter/crystal.htm#2:1%20MINERALS

Various linkages of the tetrahedra create classes of silicates

www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/sillmin.jpg

www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/minrx.htm

socrates.berkeley.edu/~eps2/wisc/Lect4.html

Figure 1: Single silica tetrahedron (shaded) and the sheet structure of silica tetrahedrons arranged in a hexagonal network.

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-80127

clay mineral: hexagonal tetrahedral sheets                                    

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-80127

Aluminum Octahedrons – another building block or layer in minerals

Single octahedron (shaded) and the sheet structure of octahedral units.

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-80127

Primary Soil Minerals

• Not chemically altered or significantly weathered • Inherited from original crystallization or

deposition• Found mostly in the sand and silt fractions• Ex: Quartz, Feldspars/Plagioclases, Amphiboles,

Pyroxenes, etc. (Sparks, Table 2.2 p. 46)• Source of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe ions as

they weather/decompose.• Also source of trace elements and heavy metals

in soils.

Photograph taken by Klaus-Peter Kelber

http://www.mineralogie.uni-wuerzburg.de/gallery/Seiten/quartz2.htm

Secondary Soil Minerals

• Low-temperature weathering product of primary minerals– Structural alteration of primary minerals– Precipitation out of solution– Inherited from sedimentary rocks

• Predominant in clay fraction (<2µm)• Very reactive chemically and physically• Source of readily available nutrient ions (Ca, Mg,

K, NH4, S, Fe…)• Ex: Phyllosilicates (kaolins, smectites, illites);

oxides and hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, etc.

Phyllosilicates or “layer” silicates

• Most abundant in the clay-sized fraction (hence referred to as “clay minerals”

• Very high surface area + unsatisfied charges = very reactive

(both physically and chemically)

• Composed of sheets of SiO4 tetrahedra + Al or Mg octahedra

• Strong ionic/covalent internal bonding and weaker H or van der Waals bonding between the layers

Ionic radius (size) determines the coordination with ligands (O or OH)

-face- -edge-

http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F97/Chapter8/Ionic%20Radii3.Gif

Isomorphous Substitution

Substitution, during formation, of one ion for another of similar SIZE (but not necessarily the same charge) in an ionic solid without changing the structure (shape, morphology) of the crystal.

Isomorphic = “same shape”

Schematic representation of 2:1 clay mineral such as montmorillonite, indicating locations of substitution sites on tetrahedral and octahedral layers and the hydrated interlayer cations.

www.sandia.gov/geobio/randy.html

Layer charge

Results from isomorphic substitution with ions of different charge:

Al+3 for Si+4 in tetrahedra = -1

Mg+2 for Al+3 in octahedra = -1

Fe+2 for Al+3 “ “ = -1

Li+ for Mg+2 or Al+3 “ = -1 or -2

Negative charge must be neutralized by cations adsorbed on the mineral surface or in the interlayer (between the sheets) region