Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Chapter 2
Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– Hazardous materials may be• Elements• Compounds• Mixtures
– Gaseous– Liquid– Solids
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– They may present a direct threat to health• Poison
– Carcinogens– Toxic or highly toxic– Irritants– Corrosives – Sensitizers
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– They may be considered dangerous because of
their physical hazards• Flammable• Compressed gases• Explosives• Organic peroxides• Oxidizers• Pyrophoric chemicals• Cryogenic materials• Radioactive materials• Water-reactive materials
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– The severity of hazards these materials
present range from• Insignificant • Catastrophic
– Depends on material and quantity involved
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– Exposures to hazardous materials• Acute
– Single occurrence• Chronic
– Long-term– Reoccurring
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Introduction– Health effects from exposure• Acute
– Short-term effects– Appear within hours or days
» Vomiting» Diarrhea
• Chronic– May take years to appear
» Cancer
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Awareness level• Need to understand
– Basic hazards associated with different classes of hazardous materials» Flammables» Corrosives» Reactives
– Operations level• Need to know how hazardous materials behave• Signs and symptoms of an exposure
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Matter• Substances that make up everything in the world
– Gas» Fluid that has neither independent shape nor volume» Tend to expand indefinitely
– Liquid» Fluid that has no independent shape but does have a specific volume» Flow in accordance with the laws of gravity
– Solid» Substance that has both a specific shape and volume (without a container)
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Matter
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Flammability• Majority of hazardous materials incidents involve
materials that are flammable– Burn– Explode
• Flammable hazards depend on – Flash point– Autoignition temperature – Explosive or combustible range
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Flash Point• Minimum temperature at which a liquid or
volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface– Vapors will flash– Will NOT continue to burn
• DO NOT confuse with Fire Point
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Fire Point• Temperature at which enough vapors are given off
to support continuous burning– Temperature is usually only slightly higher than the
flash point
• Liquids and solids themselves do not burn– Vapors they produce burn
» As temperature increases, more vapors are produced
• Flammable gases have no flash point
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Autoignition Temperature/Autoignition Point• Minimum temperature to which the fuel in air
must be heated to initiate self-sustained combustion– No independent ignition source– Spontaneously ignites– Considerably higher than the flash and fire points
• Ignition temperature is often used synonymously
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range• Percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in
air that will burn or explode if ignited
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range• Lower explosive limit / lower flammable limit
– LEL / LFL» Lowest concentration of a vapor/gas that will
produce a flash of fire» Concentrations lower than the LEL
• Mixture is too lean to burn
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range• Upper explosive limit / upper flammable limit
– UEL / UFL» Highest concentration of a vapor / gas that will
produce a flash of fire» Concentrations higher than the UEL
• Mixture is too rich to burn
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Vapor Pressure• Pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its
own liquid in a closed container– Pressure produced or exerted by the vapors released by
a liquid» Can be expressed in terms of
• Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI)• Kilopascals (kPa)• Bars• Millmeters of mercury (mmHg)
• Usually found on MSDS• Atmospheres (atm)
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Vapor Pressure• The higher the temperature of a substance, the
higher the vapor pressure will be– Higher temperature provide more energy to a liquid
» Allows liquid to escape into a gas form
– The lower the boiling point of a substance, the higher its vapor pressure will be
– Used as a general gauge to tell how fast a product will evaporate under normal circumstances
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Boiling Point• The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure– The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
– 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi or 1 atmosphere
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion • BLEVE
– Also called Violent Rupture• Can occur when a liquid within a container is
heated– Causes material inside to boil / vaporize– Increases vapor pressure– Exceeds the vessel’s ability to relieve the excess
pressure» Most commonly occur when flames contact a tank shell above the liquid level
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Melting Point
• Temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state
– Freezing Point• Temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid
– Sublimation• Substances changes from a solid directly Into a gas
– Carbon dioxide (dry ice)– Mothballs
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Vapor Density• Weight of a given volume of pure gas• Gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of
dry air– Air has a value of 1
» Vapor density <1• Vapor is lighter than air
» Vapor density >1• Vapor is heavier than air
– All vapors / gases will mix with air– Spread can not be predicted exactly from vapor density
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Solubility• Term expressing the percentage of a material (by
weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature – Used for spill clean up methods– Extinguishing agents
» Non-water soluble• Liquids remain separate from water
» Polar solvent• Liquids mix easily with water
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Solubility
• Health effects– Water-soluble agents
» Cause early upper respiratory tract irritation
– Partially water-soluble agents» Penetrate into the lower respiratory system» Delayed symptoms
• 12-24 hours» Causes breathing difficulties
• Pulmonary edema• Coughing up blood
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Miscibility / Immiscibility• The degree or readiness to which two or more
gases or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other
– Miscible» Two liquids that dissolve into each other in any
proportion – Immiscible
» Two materials that do not readily dissolve into each other
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Specific Gravity• Ratio of the density of a material to the density of
some standard material – Heaviness of a material
– Water has a value of 1» Specific gravity <1
• Liquid is lighter than water and will float
» Specific gravity >1• Liquid is heavier than water and will sink
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Reactivity• Relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction
with another material – The fire tetrahedron
» Reactive triangle• Fuel (Reducing Agent)• Heat• Oxygen (Oxidizer)
– Activation energy» Required energy to get them started
• Starting a fire with a match
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Properties – Reactivity• Examples
– Light-sensitive– Heat-sensitive– Shock-sensitive
• Polymerization– Often results in a tremendous release of energy
» Designated with a “P” in the ERG– Inhibitors are added in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Health hazards• Directly effect an individual’s health
– Poisons – Corrosives
– Physical hazards• Present a threat because of the material’s physical
properties – Temperature– Radioactivity
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA)• Uses a simple classification system
– TRACEMP» T Thermal» R Radiological » A Asphyxiation» C Chemical» E Etiological » M Mechanical» P Psychological
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA)• Uses a simple classification system
– TRACEMP» T Thermal
• Thermal harm is the result of exposure to extremes of heat and cold
» R Radiological • Refers to nuclear radiation
• Alpha• Beta• Gamma
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA)• Uses a simple classification system
– TRACEMP» A Asphyxiation
• Interfere with oxygen flow during normal breathing• Simple asphyxiants
• Inert gases that displace or dilute oxygen
• Chemical asphyxiants• Blood poisons
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA)• Uses a simple classification system
– TRACEMP» C Chemical
• Toxic• Harm depends on concentration and
length of exposure• Corrosive
• Harm causes visible destruction
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA)• Uses a simple classification system
– TRACEMP» E Etiological
• Harm involves exposure to a living microorganism
» M Mechanical• Causes trauma
• Shrapnel during an explosion» P Psychological
• Causes strong emotional reaction
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Cryogenics• Refrigerated liquefied gas• Gases that turn into a liquid at or below -130o F• Vaporize rapidly when released from container
– Liquid oxygen (LOX)– Liquefied natural gas (LNG)– Nitrogen– Helium– Hydrogen– Argon
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Nonionizing radiation
– Has enough energy to move atoms around but not change them chemically» Radio waves» Infrared radiation» Microwaves
• Ionizing radiation– The most energetic form of radiation
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Ionizing radiation
– Has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms» Disrupts chemical bonds» Called “Ionization”
– Causes damage to the human body
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Alpha Particles
– Lose energy rapidly in matter– Do not penetrate very far– Blocked by paper
• Beta Particles– Fast moving– Blocked by aluminum
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological
• Gamma Rays– Similar to X-rays– Completely pass through the human body
» Radiation hazard– Stopped by a few inches of lead or several feet of
concrete
• X-rays– Lower energy then gamma rays– Stopped by a few inches of lead or several feet of
concrete
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Neutrons
– Ultrahigh energy particles– Highly penetrating
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Exposure pathways
– Inhalation» Breathe radioactive materials into the lungs» Can remain in the lungs for a long time
– Ingestion» Swallowing radioactive materials » Expose entire digestive system
– Direct Exposure» Skin contact
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Radiological• Protection Strategies
– Time» Limit exposure time to radiation source
– Distance » Increase distance from source
• Doubling distance reduces the exposure by a factor of four
– Shielding» Lead» Concrete
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Nephrotoxic agents
– Affect the kidneys• Hematotoxic agents
– Affect the blood• Neurotoxic agents
– Affect the nervous system• Hepatotoxic agents
– Affect the liver
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials
• Lethal dose (LD)– The minimum amount of a solid or liquid that will cause death
• Median lethal dose (LD50)– Single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in
50% of animals» Administered orally » The other half isn’t completely well
• They just didn’t die
• Lethal dose low (LDLO or LDL)– Lowest administered dose of a material capable of killing a specific test species
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Lethal concentration (LC)
– Minimum concentration of an inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal» Usually within 1-4 hours » May be expressed in LC50
• Lethal concentration low (LCLO or LCL)– Lowest concentration of a gas or vapor capable of
killing a specified species over time
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
– An atmospheric concentration of a substance that poses an immediate threat to life
• Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)– Maximum concentration to which the majority of
healthy adults can be exposed over a 40-hour workweek» Time-Weighted Average (TWA)
• 8-hour period
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Permissible Exposure Limit Ceiling Limit (PEL) (C)
– The maximum concentration to which an employee may be exposed at any time» Instantaneous
• Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL)– The maximum concentration allowed for a 15-minute
exposure
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Irritants
– Toxins that cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin or respiratory system» Attack the mucous membranes of the body
• Convulsants– Toxic materials that can cause convulsions
» Sensation of difficulty breathing» Painful muscle spasms
• 3-30 minutes
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials
• Corrosives– Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissues and have
destructive effects – With the exception of liquid and gas fuels
» Corrosives comprise the largest usage class in industry
– Acids» pH <6
– Bases (Alkalis)» pH 8-14
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials• Carcinogens
– Cancer-causing agents
• Mutagens– Substances or agents that are capable of altering the
genetic material in a living cell
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Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards
• Hazardous Materials Hazards– Toxic Materials
• Teratogens– Substances or agents that are capable of causing
developmental abnormalities in utero » Malformation in the fetus of a pregnant female
• Sensitizers– Chemicals that cause the development of allergic reactions in
people with repeated exposures
• Allergens– Substances that cause allergic reactions
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards
Works Cited“Hazardous Materials for First Responders” International Fire Service Training Association
3rd Edition 2004 Print