Chapter 2 Global Studies

SECTION 2

PYRAMIDS ON THE NILE

SPHYNX

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

2700 to 2200BC 2100 to 1800 BC 1500 to 1000BC

Capital: Memphis Capital: Thebes Capital: Thebes

The first Pharaohs were absolute rulers, considered gods. They were buried in Pyramids. This is the age of great construction projects.

The Pharaoh is still an absolute ruler, but now is expected to provide for the people by building new structures and ensuring the people have food and goods they need. Pharaohs were Buried in hidden tombs.

The Pharaoh must defend, expand, and rule an empire. This age was the most powerful and prosperous in Ancient Egypt. Pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings.


2700 to 2200BC 2100 to 1800 BC 1500 to 1000BC


INT

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EDIA

TE PER

IOD

INT

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TE PER

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The Old, Middle, and

New Kingdoms

were times of STABILITY and

POWER in Egypt.

In-between each kingdom

was an “intermediate period” when

Egypt was unstable.

The intermediate periods were times when foreigners

invaded Egypt or political rivals

fought to be Pharaoh.


2700 to 2200BC 2100 to 1800 BC 1500 to 1000BC


2000-3000 YEARS!!!!!

ROMAN EMPIRE 500 YEARSUSA 238 YEARS OLD

MONGOLIAN EMPIRE 162 YEARS

EGYPT AT A GLANCE2700 to 2200BC 2100 to 1800 BC 1500 to 1000BC


EGYPT AT A GLANCE2700 to 2200BC 2100 to 1800 BC 1500 to 1000BC


2000-3000 YEARS!!!!!

ROMAN EMPIRE 500 YEARSUSA 238 YEARS OLD

MONGOLIAN EMPIRE 162 YEARS

Old Kingdom: Key People & Events

King Djoser builds the first pyramid,

the step pyramid in Saqqara.

King Khufu builds the largest pyramid at Giza.

Other Pharaohs build the smaller ones.

King Khafre builds the

sphinx at Giza.

During the Old Kingdom, the power of Pharaohs increased, the social class hierarchy developed, and

art & architecture flourished.

LOWER EGYPT / UPPER EGYPT

Don’t get them

confused!

Upper = uphill.Water always flows downhill towards the ocean, so

“upper” Egypt is uphill, and

“lower” Egypt is downhill.

UPPER/LOWER EGYPT

Upper Egypt:

Mainly desert country with a low population.Lower Egypt:

Heavily populated with fertile soil.

EGYPT UNITES TO

BECOME ONE KINGDOMThe Old Kingdom begins when King Narmer peacefully united Lower and Upper Egypt and made Memphis the first capital.

SOCIAL CLASSShaped like a pyramid

PHARAOHS AND THEOCRACYPharaohs were the Kings that ruled Egypt. They were known as “God-Kings” - controlling everything from religion, government, to military.

Theocracy: government controlled by religious authority figures. (This usually means that the government is controlled by priests, but in this case, it means that the ruler is actually a god. The Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh was a god).

REMEMBER THIS

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

Light floods reduced crops and caused starvation.

Heavy floods destroy property.

Old Kingdom: Key People & Events

The Pyramid Texts are the earliest documents that describe the

afterlife. They were written on the inside of tombs in pyramids, and

included instructions for the Pharaoh about how to get there:

These texts state that the Pharaoh’s body needed to remain intact so his spirit could recognize

it and return to it, and that the Pharaoh could use ramps, ladders, and even fly from the top of the Pyramid to reach the afterlife.

Elaborate tombs were built for Pharaohs that died in the Old Kingdom, and Pyramids were made out of blocks of stones, 2-15 tons each; 481 feet high (146 meters). *1 ton is about 900 kilograms

Taller than the London Eye

PYRAMID MYSTERY…To this day, it is unclear in regards to how the pyramids were made. There are multiple theories.

TASK: Look at websites and see the various theories presented. Which one is the most persuasive to you? Why? Explain to the person sitting next to you.

http://tinyurl.com/kcua6u2http://tinyurl.com/nmg89d3http://tinyurl.com/j4pzej8

http://tinyurl.com/kcua6u2

http://tinyurl.com/nmg89d3

http://tinyurl.com/j4pzej8

Middle Kingdom: Key People & Events

The first obelisks were constructed.

The Coffin Texts are written inside of coffins

to instruct average people (not just the

Pharaoh) how to reach the afterlife. They

included maps and spells to protect the

dead and they traveled to the “field of reeds”

The middle kingdom was a golden age because political stability, economic prosperity, trading, and the arts flourished.

New Kingdom: Key People & Events

Hatshepsut was a female pharaoh who reigned for over 20

years, increasing Egypt’s prosperity through

foreign trade expeditions.

Thutmose III expanded the Egyptian empire to its largest size in history.

Tutankhamun becomes the ruler of Egypt.

In modern times he is famous for

having a fully intact tomb.

New Kingdom: Key People & Events

Ramesses II is known for creating a powerful military and

building many temples: he constructs the Colossus at

Memphis, two temples at Abu Simbel, a tomb at Thebes, and

the Hypostyle Hall of the Karnak temple at Luxor.

The Book of the Dead is the new text that helps guide people to the afterlife. It contained prayers, spells,

and maps to help the dead, and described the “weighing of the

heart ceremony” in which people were judged based on their good

and bad deeds.

ANUBIS

Guardian of the underworldWeighing of

the heart

EGYPTPharaohs were thought to have ruled even after death with an eternal life force, ka.

Ka & Ba:Eternal life-forces of all

human beings

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/games/pyramid_challenge/index.shtml

15minutes

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/games/pyramid_challenge/index.shtml

EGYPTIAN RELIGION 2,000 gods and goddesses (Polytheistic)

They believed in life after death and that people will be judged by their deeds.

Book of the Dead contained various prayers and spells and helped guide one to life after death.

The Egyptians practiced mummification, the preservation process that prevents the body from decaying.

Book of the Dead

HATSHEPSUTLongest reigning female pharaoh in Egypt (20 plus years).

Became Pharaoh after serving as Queen and her husband passed away.

Helped Egypt prosper and made a conscious effort to restore the arts by Egyptians and the Nubians.

New Kingdom

KINGTUT Mostly known for his tomb being discovered in the 1922.

12th leader of Egypt, dies very young at age 19 after serving 10 years as King.

Various items were preserved inside his coffins such as precious rings, bracelets collars.

One of the most famous Pharaohs.

“OFFICIAL” FALL OF EGYPTEgypt would fall to Macedonian rule in 332BC (Alexander the Great Quarter 2)

Following Alexander the Great, by 305BC Ptolemy took over as ruler. All rulers of this dynasty would use the name Ptolemy until 30BC including the famous Cleopatra VII (Again, Quarter 2) Ptolemy

Dynasty

PTOLEMAIC KINGDOM323 BC to 30BC

The rulers named themselves “Pharaohs” to appeal to the Egyptians who lived in the area.

The first ruler was Ptlomey I Soter. Most took the names Ptlomey, and most wifes (who were also sisters) took the name Cleopatra.

The Ptolemaic period was Based strongly on Greek culture (with Greeks or half Greeks getting

preferential treatment).

Civil war leads towards a decline of the kingdom, and an eventual fall to Rome

EGYPTIAN WRITINGEgyptians used hieroglyphics, where pictures represented ideas and sounds.

They used paper like sheets called papyrus to write on.

Aztecs, MayansLater Used By:

HIEROGLYPHICS

MUMMIFICATION ACTIVITY

http://tinyurl.com/Q6PK3NJCanopic Jars: four jars used to store the liver, stomach, lungs and intestines of the mummy.

SECTION 3 THE PLANNED CITIES

ON THE INDUS

INDUS RIVER• Located in modern day

India & Pakistan.

• The earliest Indian civilizations to build in the area used the Indus as their main natural resource.

GEOGRAPHY

1. The Indus and the Ganges Rivers provided water.

2. The mountains protected the civilization (Mt. Everest).

MOUNTAINS PROTECTED CITIES ON THE INDUS

WHICH MOUNTAIN IS

THIS?

Himalayas

However,

-The land also has seasonal winds known as monsoons.

-The winter winds are dry, and summer winds bring heavy rain often created unpredictable flooding.

-Years of draughts, and years of flooding are extreme.

OVERVIEWCivilization in this region starts around 7,000 BC

Around 3200BC clear use of the Indus River as a source for irrigation.

MAIN CITY (HARAPPA)

PLANNED CITYThe city was planned.

Bricks laid out a grid system, engineers had created a sewage system for the area.

Planned v Unplanned today (Boston)

PLANNED-The city was built on mud-brick platforms to protect itself from flooding.

-The streets were set on a grid system being exactly 30 feet wide.

-Lanes separated rows of houses (Kind of like an American suburb).

CULTURELanguage: 400 letter writing system, which scientists could not decipher.

Animals played a major role in culture.

All people were equal, no social classes.

Language: 400 letter writing system which was not deciphered.

In Egypt, researchers

found a trilingual text called the Rosetta Stone. This allowed

them to translate the hieroglyphics

by comparing them to two versions of

ancient Greek.

RELIGIONPriests closely linked to the rulers.

Some religious artifacts show remnants linked to Hinduism (more to come on hinduism in the religions segment)

TRADE WAS KEYThe Indus Valley profited largely over the fact that they were close to the Sumerians. They were able to travel to Sumer to trade for various goods. They would bring with them pots, beads, gold, silver, metals, seashells to trade.

The Indus traded with Mesopotamia by traveling by foot and ship. We know about their existence based on scribes from the Mesopotamian era leaving records of the Indus visiting.

THE END OF THE INDUSDespite their great wealth accumulated from trade, the Indus would eventually fall.

There is no clear reason how and why the Indus fell. The most likely theory is that shifts in tectonic plates caused earthquakes, and the rivers may have been redirected or dried up.

INDUS VALLEY WORKSHEET+ PROFESSOR RESEARCH GAME

Complete worksheet using following link:

http://tinyurl.com/6bxvbkz

http://tinyurl.com/6bxvbkz

SECTION 4

RIVERDYNASTIESINCHINA

(SHANG/ZHOUDYNASTY)

A Late-Coming Civilization…People lived and farmed in China in neolithic times, but the first developed cities in China

arrived 1000 years after the cities in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus valley.

The Xia Dynasty was located here on the

yellow river.

CHINESE GEOGRAPHYNatural barriers: oceans, mountains and deserts isolated China from many areas.

The Yellow River

created silt, helping

farmers.Just like the Nile, Indus, Tigris, and Euphrates

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

Yellow River floods were incredibly damaging. They could take out entire cities within a day.

The isolation of Chinese cities meant that they lacked trade and had to be self-sufficient.

EARLY DYNASTIESA Dynasty is a succession of rulers who all came from the same family.

Around 2000 BC, Yu was the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty.

The Shang Dynasty rose to power next, and existed between 1700 to 1027BC. Anyang was its most important city, and it was the first Ancient Chinese city to leave records.

The upperclass lived inside the city while the poorer people lived outside.

CHINESE CULTURE- People saw China as the center of the universe, and viewed all other cultures as being uncivilized (Ethnocentric).

- Saw the group as being more important than the individual.

Numerous countries guilty of ethnocentrism throughout history, Japan ,USA, Soviet

Union, Germany, etc .

Family is central social institution; respect for parents is a virtue.

Elder males control family property

Women are expected to obey all men, even sons.

BRONZE• It was during the Shang dynasty that bronze

working became common: axes, chariots, tombs, hair pins, etc.

POLYTHEISTIC FOLK RELIGION• During the era of the Shang, Taoism, Confucianism

and Buddhism had not yet been formed. Instead people worshiped many gods.

• Ancestor worship was also very important to the Shang, and the spirits of dead ancestors could affect family fortune.

ORACLE BONESPriests scratched questions to the gods on animal bones and tortoise shells, and then broke the bones with a hot poker. They interpreted the cracks to understand the gods’ answers. The earliest

form of Chinese writing

The difficulty with the system used by the Chinese was the number of characters.

Dragon Flying

• Both Korean and Japanese languages derive from Chinese.

• Korean: uses hanja, characters adapted from Chinese, and uses a phonetic system based on Chinese.

• Japanese: extensive use of Chinese characters.

ZHOU DYNASTYFollowing the Shang, the Zhou takes over in 1027BC. Shang leader, Chou is deposed by rebel leader Wu-wang.

Mandate of Heaven: The belief that rulers were given authority to rule from god.

The main format of ruling was feudalism, where kings/lords ruled the land and peasants farmed the land. The rulers gave nobles land, and in exchange, the nobles would fight for the ruler when called upon.

More on Feudalism in the Middle Ages

(Europe)

ZHOU AND TECHNOLOGYThe Zhou built roads and canals improving transportation, they also began to use coins.

They produced cast iron tools and weapons, which helped food production increase.

Xia: 2000BC - 1700BC Shang: 1700BC - 1027BC Zhou: 1027BC - 221BC

Qin: 221BC - 207ADHan: 25AD - 220AD

Tang: 618AD - 907ADMing: 1368 - 1644Qing: 1644 - 1911

Chapter 2 Global Studies

Education

Transcript of Chapter 2 Global Studies