Chapter 2 Ecosystems: What They Are Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Ecosystems: What They Are Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Chapter 2Ecosystems: What They Are
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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2.1 - Ecosystems: What Are They?
• Ecosystems: A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes occupying an explicit unit of space and interacting with each other and their environment.
• Ecotone: Transitional region between different ecosystems.
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Ecotones on Land
• Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems
• May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species
• Ex. edge of a forest, marshland
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Terrestrial-to-Aquatic-System Ecotone
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How Ecosystems Are Formed
Abiotics
Plants
Animals
(moisture and temperature)
(+ moisture = forest)
(temperature = forest type)
(lynx or bobcat)
predict
predict
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Ecosystem Types in the United States• Coasts and oceans• Farmlands• Forests• Fresh waters• Grasslands and shrub lands• Urban and suburban areas
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Ecosystems: A Description
• Biotic (communities): grouping or assemblage of plants, animals, and microbes.
• Species: different kinds of plants, animals, and microbes in the community.
• Populations: number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproducing group.
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How Habitat and Animal Diversity Are Related
Hab
itat
Div
ersi
ty
Animal Diversity
Diversity = number of different species
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2.2 - The Structure of EcosystemsAutotrophs are the basis for ecosystems.2.2 - The Structure of Ecosystems
Autotrophs are the basis for ecosystems.
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Inorganic vs. Organic
*Some autotrophs can use energy in inorganic chemicals to form organic matter from CO2 and water = chemosynthesis. Ex. some bacteria
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Consumers = Heterotrophs• Primary consumers =
herbivores = rabbit: eat plant material
• Secondary consumers = carnivores = predators = coyotes: prey are herbivores and other animals.
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Consumers = Heterotrophs• Parasites = predator = either plant or animal:
prey are plants or animals.
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Detritus Food Web
*decomposers are primary detritus feeders
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Trophic Categories
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Trophic Relationships: Food Chain
Trophic Relationships: Food Chain
Third-order Consumer (C3)
Secondary Consumer (C2)
Primary Consumer (C1)
Producer (P)
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Trophic Relationships Among Producers and Consumers
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Trophic Level Energy FlowTrophic Level Energy Flow
Producer 10,000 Kcal
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer- 100x
- 10x
- 10x
100 Kcal
10 Kcal
1Kcal
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Biomass Pyramid
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Trophic Levels: Pyramid of Biomass or Pyramid of EnergyTrophic Levels: Pyramid of Biomass or Pyramid of Energy
1
2
3
4
5 Which level is occupied by:producers?primary consumers?secondary consumers?third-order consumers?
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Symbiotic Relationships
• + And + = Mutualism. Both species benefit by the interaction between the two species. Honey bee and flower
• + And 0 = Commensalism. One species benefits from the interaction and the other is unaffected. Remora fish and shark
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Symbiotic Relationships
• + And - = One species benefits from the interaction and the other is adversely affected. Examples are predation, parasitism, and disease.
• - And - = Competition. Both species are adversely affected by the interaction.
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Resource Partitioning: Reducing Competition
*this allows organisms to avoid competition and all benefit.
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Abiotic Factors
• Law of Limiting Factors: “Every species (both plant and animal) has an optimum range, zones of stress, and limits of tolerance with respect to every biotic factor.”
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Survival Curves Illustrate Law of Limiting Factors
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Application of the Law of Limiting Factors• Compare the “tolerance” differences for a
trout and a catfish using water:• temperature (cold or warm).• oxygen concentration (high or low).• salinity (high or low).
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Oxygen Tolerance Curves for Two Different Fish Species
What do you think the temperature tolerance curves for each fish species would look like?
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2.3 - Climate and Major Biomes
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Identify Biomes A to E Based on Temperature and Precipitation Levels:
Answers Next Slide
Precipitation
Temperature
Low High
High
A
B
C
D
E
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Answers to Previous Slide• A has high temperature and low moisture = hot
desert• B has low temperature and low moisture = cold
desert (tundra with permafrost)• C has medium temperatures and moisture =
grassland• D has high temperature and moisture = rain forest• E has low temperature and high precipitation = arctic
poles
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Effects of Latitude and AltitudeEffects of Latitude and Altitude
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Microclimates
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2.4 - The Human Presence
• Three revolutions• Neolithic • Industrial• Environmental
• Red Sky in the Morning by James Gustave
• The Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore
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How Humans Modify Their Physical Environments to Meet Their Needs• Produce abundant food - agriculture• Control water flow rate and direction -
irrigation• Overcome predation and disease• Construct our own ecosystems• Overcome competition with other species