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CHAPTER 2

CONTENTS

TO THE TEACHER xvi

Unit One Th e Paragraph 1

Chapter 1 Th e Writing Process 2GETTING STARTED 3

Responding to an Image 3Journal Writing 3

THE PROCESS OF WRITING 4Prewriting: Generating Ideas 4

Brainstorming 5Freewriting 5Asking Wh- Questions 6Clustering 7

Connect to the Internet 8Planning 8

Draft ing 8Revision 8

Revising 8Editing 9

Chapter 2 Introduction to the Paragraph 10GETTING STARTED 11

Responding to an Image 11Journal Writing 11

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WRITING: INTRODUCTION TO THE PARAGRAPH 12Th e Paragraph 12Narrowing the Topic 13Connect to the Internet 16Th e Topic Sentence 16Focusing the Topic Sentence 18Placing the Topic Sentence 19Formulating the Topic Sentence 22Support 23

Outlining 24Unity 25Coherence 28

COMPOSITION SKILLS 32Sentence Parts 32

Clauses 32Phrases 32Fragments 33Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices 34

Final Writing Assignment 35Assignments from the Disciplines 35

Chapter 3 Th e Narrative Paragraph: Personal Refl ections 36GETTING STARTED 37

Responding to an Image 37Journal Writing 37

READING AND VOCABULARY 38Readings: Personal Refl ections 38

Reading 1: From “My American Journey” by Colin Powell 38Reading 2: “Th e Best Part” by Mary Kay Mackin 39Reading 3: “Th e Struggle to Be an All-American Girl” by Elizabeth Wong 41

Building Vocabulary: Guessing Meaning from Context 43

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WRITING: NARRATION 45Present Narration 45Past Narration 48Connect to the Internet 49

COMPOSITION SKILLS 49Adverbial Expressions of Time and Sequence 49Refi ning Grammar Skills: Adverbials of Time and Sequence, Prepositions in Time Expressions, Adverb Clauses of Time, Th e Simple Past, the Past Progressive, and the Past Perfect 50

Editing 50Final Writing Assignment 51Assignments from the Disciplines 51

Chapter 4 Th e Descriptive Paragraph: Important People, Important Places 52GETTING STARTED 53

Responding to an Image 53Journal Writing 53

READING AND VOCABULARY 54Readings: Important People, Important Places 54

Reading 1: “Uncle Kwok” by Jade Snow Wong 54Reading 2: From “Beyond the Sun” by Tom Huth 56

Building Vocabulary: Using Similes and Metaphors 57

WRITING: DESCRIPTION 59Describing a Place 60Connect to the Internet 63Describing a Person 63

COMPOSITION SKILLS 66Adverbs of Place 66Modifying with Specifi c Details 67Adjective Clauses 68Refi ning Grammar Skills: Order of Adjectives, Participial Adjectives, Prepositional Phrases of Place, Th e Simple Present Tense vs. Th e Present Progressive 70

Editing 70

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Final Writing Assignment 71Assignments from the Disciplines 71

Chapter 5 Th e Expository Paragraph: Media and Entertainment 72GETTING STARTED 73

Responding to an Image 73Journal Writing 73

READING AND VOCABULARY 74Readings: Media and Entertainment 74

Reading 1: “Jackie Chan” by Lee Server 74Reading 2: “No Funny Business at Newbury Comics” by William M. Pride,

Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor 76Building Vocabulary: Learning Word Forms 79

WRITING: EXPOSITION 81Th e Topic Sentence in an Expository Paragraph 81Supporting a Generalization 83

Specifi c Details 83Examples 87Illustrations and Anecdotes 90

Connect to the Internet 91

COMPOSITION SKILLS 92Organization of Details and Examples 92

Order of Importance: Saving the Best for Last 92Order of Familiarity: From the More Familiar to the Less Familiar 93Order of Time: From the Past to the Present 93

Transitional Words and Phrases 95Refi ning Grammar Skills: Defi nite and Indefi nite Articles, Th e Present Perfect vs. Th e Simple Past 97

Editing 97Final Writing Assignment 98Assignments from the Disciplines 98

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Unit Two Th e Essay 99

Chapter 6 Introduction to the Essay 100GETTING STARTED 101

Responding to an Image 101Journal Writing 101

WRITING: INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSAY 102Th e Th esis Statement 102Th e Introduction 104

Th e Funnel Approach 105Th e Developmental Paragraphs 108Breaking Down a Topic 109Draft ing the Body of the Essay 112Th e Conclusion 115

COMPOSITION SKILLS 118Outlining 118Connect to the Internet 119Final Writing Assignment 120Assignments from the Disciplines 120

Chapter 7 Th e Example Essay: Th e Power of Culture and Language 121GETTING STARTED 122

Responding to an Image 122Journal Writing 122

READING AND VOCABULARY 123Readings: Th e Power of Culture and Language 123

Reading 1: “How Unwritten Rules Circumscribe Our Lives” by Bob Greene 123Reading 2: “Americanization Is Tough on Macho” by Rose Del Castillo Guilbault 126

Building Vocabulary: Understanding Connotation and Denotation 129Connect to the Internet 130

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WRITING: EXEMPLIFICATION 131Number of Examples 131Choosing Fair Examples 133Making Examples Complete 135

COMPOSITION SKILLS 137Organization of Examples 137Transitions Between Paragraphs 137

Transitions to Introduce Examples 138Repeating Key Words and Phrases 140

Refi ning Grammar Skills: Noun Clauses, Gerunds and Infi nitives 143Editing 143

Final Writing Assignment 144Assignments from the Disciplines 145

Chapter 8 Th e Comparison and Contrast Essay: Styles of Communication 146GETTING STARTED 147

Responding to Images 147Journal Writing 147

READING AND VOCABULARY 148Readings: Styles of Communication 148

Reading 1: “Conversational Ballgames” by Nancy Masterson Sakamoto 148Reading 2: “Home Ground, Schoolyard: A Double Life” by Daria Muse 151

Building Vocabulary: Learning Synonyms and Antonyms 153

WRITING: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 155Points of Comparison 156Emphasis on Comparison or Contrast 156Patterns of Organization 157

Pattern A (Point-by-Point) 157Pattern B (All of One/All of the Other) 159

Using the Two Patterns of Comparison and Contrast in Essays 159

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COMPOSITION SKILLS 164Transitions for Comparison and Contrast 164Connect to the Internet 167Refi ning Grammar Skills: Adverb Clauses of Comparison, Contrast, and Concession; Comparative Forms 169

Editing 170Final Writing Assignment 170Assignments from the Disciplines 171

Chapter 9 Th e Classifi cation Essay: Marketing and Advertising 172GETTING STARTED 173

Responding to an Image 173Journal Writing 173

READING AND VOCABULARY 174Readings: Marketing and Advertising 174

Reading 1: “Th e Marketing Mix” by William Pride and O.C. Ferrell 174Reading 2: “Motivation” by Charles Lamb Jr., Joseph Hair Jr., and Carl McDaniel 178

Building Vocabulary: Recognizing Negative Prefi xes 181

WRITING: CLASSIFYING 183Principles of Classifi cation 183Making the Classifi cation Complete 185Connect to the Internet 185Organizing the Classifi cation Essay 186Introducing Categories 186

COMPOSITION SKILLS 190Introductory Paragraphs 190

Th e Turnabout 190Transitions for Classifi cation 191Refi ning Grammar Skills: Adjective Clauses, Correlative Conjunctions 193

Editing 193Final Writing Assignment 194Assignments from the Disciplines 194

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Chapter 10 Th e Process Analysis Essay: Success! 195GETTING STARTED 196

Responding to an Image 196Journal Writing 196

READING AND VOCABULARY 197Readings: Success! 197

Reading 1: “Ways to Change a Habit” by Dave Ellis 197Reading 2: “Th e Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, Tennessee” by G. Tyler Miller and Scott E. Spoolman 201

Building Vocabulary: Diff erentiating Multiple Meanings of a Word 203

WRITING: PROCESS ANALYSIS 206Planning the Process Analysis Essay 206Connect to the Internet 210Organizing the Process Analysis Essay 210

COMPOSITION SKILLS 215Introductory Paragraphs 215

Th e Dramatic Entrance 215Coherence 216

Participial Phrases and Adverb Clauses 216Refi ning Grammar Skills: Adverb Clauses of Purpose, Adverb Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases, Real Conditionals 217

Editing 217Final Writing Assignment 218Assignments from the Disciplines 218

Chapter 11 Th e Cause-and-Eff ect Essay: Academic Achievement 219GETTING STARTED 220

Responding to an Image 220Journal Writing 220

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READING AND VOCABULARY 221Readings: Academic Achievement 221

Reading 1: “Surfi ng’s Up and Grades Are Down” by Rene Sanchez 221Reading 2: “Th e Growth of Early Childhood Education” by Eva L. Essa 225

Building Vocabulary: Understanding Phrasal Verbs 228

WRITING: CAUSE AND EFFECT 230Multiple Causes with a Single Eff ect 230Organizing the Causal Analysis Essay 233Th e Th esis Statement for the Causal Analysis Essay 235False Cause Reasoning 237Connect to the Internet 238Single Cause with Multiple Eff ects 239Organizing the Eff ect Analysis Essay 240Th e Th esis Statement for the Eff ect Analysis Essay 241Th e Causal Chain 243Introductory Paragraph: Th e Relevant Quotation 247

COMPOSITION SKILLS 249Transitions and Expressions for Cause and Eff ect 249Refi ning Grammar Skills: Articles with Quantifi ers, Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns, Adverb Clauses of Cause and Result, Unreal Conditions 250

Editing 250Final Writing Assignment 251Assignments from the Disciplines 252

Chapter 12 Th e Argumentative Essay: Educational Excellence 253GETTING STARTED 254

Responding to an Image 254Journal Writing 254

READING AND VOCABULARY 255Readings: Educational Excellence 255

Reading 1: “Th e Excellent Inevitability of Online Courses” by Margaret Brooks 255Reading 2: “Let’s Put the Excellence Back in the A” by Elliott Miles 259

Building Vocabulary: Recognizing Collocations 262

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WRITING: ARGUMENTATION 264Th e Argumentative Th esis: Taking a Stand 265Th e Opposition: Knowing What You Are Up Against 265Supporting Your Points and Explaining Reasons 267Connect to the Internet 270Refuting and Conceding the Opposition 271Organizing the Argumentative Essay 272

COMPOSITION SKILLS 274Th e Introductory Paragraph 274Th e Concluding Paragraph 275Coherence Review 276Refi ning Grammar Skills: Noun Clauses in Indirect Speech, Passive Voice 278

Editing 279Final Writing Assignment 279Assignments from the Disciplines 280

Unit Th ree Refi ning Grammar Skills 281ADJECTIVES 284

Order of Adjectives 284Participial Adjectives 285

ADVERBIALS 287Prepositional Phrases of Place 287Adverbials of Time and Sequence 288Prepositions in Time Expressions 289

ARTICLES 291Th e Indefi nite Article: a, an, some 291Th e Defi nite Article: the 292Articles with Quantifi ers 294Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns 298

CLAUSES 299Adjective Clauses 300

Adjective Clause Subordinators 300Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses 303Adjective Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases 304

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Adverb Clauses 307Adverb Clauses of Time 307Verb Tense in Adverbial Clauses of Time 309Adverb Clauses of Comparison 310Adverb Clauses of Contrast 310Adverb Clauses of Concession 310Adverb Clauses of Purpose 312Adverb Clauses of Cause 313Adverb Clauses of Result 315Adverb Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases 316Th e Present Participle (verb + ing) 316Th e Perfect Participle (having verb + ed) 316Th e Passive Perfect Participle (having been + verb + ed) 316

Noun Clauses 318Noun Clauses in Indirect Questions 319Noun Clauses in Indirect Speech 320Noun Clauses as Object of Prepositions 321Subjunctive Noun Clauses 321Verb + Subjunctive Noun Clauses 321Adjectives + Subjunctive Clauses 322

COMPARATIVE FORMS 323Indicators of Equality or Similarity 323Indicators of Inequality 325

CONDITIONALS 328Real Conditionals 328Unreal Conditionals 329

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS 331

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 333Gerunds and Infi nitives as Subjects 333Gerunds and Infi nitives as Objects 334Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions 337

PASSIVE VOICE 339Th e Passive Voice vs. the Active Voice 339Th e Passive Voice: Five Points to Review 340

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VERB TENSE SYSTEM 342Th e Simple Present vs. Th e Present Progressive 342

Th e Simple Present Tense 343Th e Present Progressive Tense 344

Th e Simple Past, the Past Progressive, and the Past Perfect 346Th e Simple Past Tense 346Th e Past Progressive Tense 347Th e Past Perfect Tense 347Would + Verb and used to + verb 349

Th e Present Perfect vs. Th e Simple Past 349Th e Present Perfect Tense 350Time Words Th at Indicate the Present Perfect and Simple Past 351

Appendices 354APPENDIX 1: PEER REVIEW WORKSHEETS 356

Peer Review for Paragraphs 356Peer Review for Essays 357

APPENDIX 2: USING SOURCES FOR SUPPORT IN YOUR WRITING 358Plagiarism 358Avoiding Plagiarism 359Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting 360

Summarizing 361Incorrect Use of Summary 361Correct Use of Summary 361Paraphrasing 362Incorrect Paraphrasing 362Correct Paraphrasing 362Quotations 363Incorrect Use of Quotation 363Correct Use of Quotation 363

Citations 364Step One: Internal Citation 365Step Two: List of Works Cited 366

APPENDIX 3: SPECIAL USES OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 370Th e Defi nite Article with Place Names 370Th e Defi nite Article with Other Names 371

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APPENDIX 4: PUNCTUATION 372Punctuation Problems 372

Fragments 372Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences 372

Punctuation Rules 373Th e Period 373Th e Comma 373Th e Semicolon 375Th e Colon 375Th e Em Dash 376Parentheses 376Brackets 376Quotation Marks 376Italics (italics) 377Th e Apostrophe 378Th e Hyphen 379Numbers 379

APPENDIX 5: RULES FOR CAPITALIZATION 380

APPENDIX 6: NOUN PLURALS 382

APPENDIX 7: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 384Basic Subject-Verb Agreement 384Special Considerations for Subject-Verb Agreement 385

APPENDIX 8: PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IRREGULAR VERBS 387

APPENDIX 9: COMMONLY CONFUSED VERBS 390

APPENDIX 10: VERBS AND THEIR COMPLEMENTS 391Verb + Infi nitive 391Verb + Noun Phrase + Infi nitive 391Verb + Gerund 392Verb + Gerund or Infi nitive 393Verb (+ Noun Phrase) + Gerund 393Verb + Preposition (+ Noun Phrase) + Gerund 394Adjective + Preposition + Gerund 394Adjective + Infi nitive 395Verb + Noun Clause 396

INDEX 398

CREDITS 402

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