Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive -...
Transcript of Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive -...
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Chapter 2
Chemistry Comes Alive
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Objectives
• Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.
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Organic Compounds
• What is an organic compound?– A molecule
made of carbon
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What kinds of organic compounds are there, and
how do they work?
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Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates– Organic compounds
– Made of C, H, and O (1:2:1)
• Functions– Energy source (FUEL!)
• Where they are found– Most foods
– Fruits, vegetables, grains
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Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides– Building blocks of
carbohydrates
– Single sugars
– Between 3-7 C atoms
• Ex:– Glucose (C6H12O6)
– Fructose
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Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides– Double sugars
– Formed when 2 monosaccharidesjoin
• Ex:– Sucrose (made of
fructose and glucose)
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Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides– Chains of 3 or more
monosaccharides
• Ex:– starch
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Objectives
• Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
• Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms.
• Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo.
• Relate the structure and function of the cell membrane.
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Lipids
• Functions:– Energy storage
– Structure of membranes
• Ex:– Hydrophobic molecues:
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Structure:– C and H atoms
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Fatty Acids
• Saturated Fatty Acid– All C atoms are fully
bonded with H atoms
• Unsaturated Fatty Acid– Not all C atoms are full
– Double bonds
– Causes “kinks” in the structure
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Triglycerides
• 3 fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule
• Fat storage molecule
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Phospholipids
• Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
• Structural, make up the cell membrane
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Steroids
• Cholesterol:– Component of cell membrane
• Estrogens and testosterone:– Sex hormones
• Corticosteroids and calcitrol:– Metabolic regulation
• Bile salts– Derived from steroids
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Steroids
• Structure– 4 carbon rings
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Review!!
1. All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following except _____.a. Hydrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon
d. Calcium
e. Both a and d
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2. A food contains organic molecules with the elements C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1. What class of compounds do these molecules belong to?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic acids
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3. What type of molecule is formed when two monosaccharides are joined?a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Disacccharide
d. Steroid
e. Corticosteroid
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Objectives
• Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids.
• Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms.
• Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo.
• Relate the structure and function of enzymes.
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Proteins
• The most abundant and important organic molecules
• Structure:– C, H, O, and N
• Building blocks– Amino acids
– 20 AA found in proteins
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Proteins
• Functions:– Support
– Movement
– Transport
– Buffering (regulating pH)
– Metabolic regulation (enzymes)
– Coordination and control (hormones)
– Defense (antibodies)
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KEY CONCEPT!!
• Proteins:– Control anatomical structure and
physiological function
– Determine cell shape and tissue properties
– Perform almost all cell functions
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Nucleic Acids
• Large organic molecules
• Found in the nucleus
• Store and process information at the molecular level
• Ex:– DNA
– RNA
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Nucleic Acids
• Building blocks:– Made up of nucleotides
• Nucleotides– Made up of 3 parts:
• Sugar
• Base
• Phosphate group
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Bases
• A-T• G-C
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Double-stranded
• Determines inherited characteristics
• Directs protein synthesis
• Controls enzyme production
• Controls metabolism
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Single-stranded
• Codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis
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KEY CONCEPT!!!
• DNA in the cell nucleus contains the information needed to construct all of the proteins in the body
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ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate– Single nucleotide
– Energy storing molecule
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Objectives
• Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
• Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
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How do enzymes control metabolism?
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Materials in Reactions
• Reactants: – materials going into a reaction
• Products: – materials coming out of a reaction
• Enzymes: – proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction
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Energy In, Energy Out
• Exergonicreactions: – produce more
energy than they use
• Endergonicreactions: – use more energy
than they produce
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Enzymes, Energy, and Chemical Reactions
Most rxns do not occur spontaneously They need energy to start
(activation energy) Enzymes lower the activation
energy, start rxns Also called catalysts Most rxns necessary for life
require enzymes Exergonic rxns release
energy Endergonic rxns absorb
energy
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What is pH and why do we need buffers?
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pH
• pH: – the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in
a solution
• Neutral pH: – a balance of H+ and OH—
– pure water = 7.0
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Acids and Bases
• Acid (acidic): pH lower than 7.0 – high H+ concentration,
low OH— concentration
• Base (basic): pH higher than 7.0– low H+ concentration,
high OH— concentration
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pH Scale
• Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration: – more H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions
mean higher pH
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KEY CONCEPT
• pH of body fluids measures free H+ ions in solution
• Excess H+ ions (low pH): – damages cells and tissues– alters proteins– interferes with normal physiological
functions
• Excess OH— ions (high pH) also cause problems, but rarely
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Controlling pH
• Buffers: – weak acid/salt compounds
– neutralizes either strong acid or strong base