CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION · PDF fileCHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ......

CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1 Diagram 2 shows the structure of a pancreatic cell. Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur satu sel pankreas.

Diagram 2

Rajah 2

(a) (i) Name organelle Q, R and S Namakan organel Q, R dan S

Q:…….......................................................................................................................

R:..............................................................................................................................

S:.............................................................................................................................. [3 marks]

(b) Explain why sperm cell contains a lot of organelle S? Terangkan mengapa sel sperma mengandungi banyak organel S? ………….………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

P

(c) Name two extracellular enzymes that are secreted by the cell.

Namakan dua enzim luar sel yang dirembes oleh sel itu.

1.………...………………………………………………………………………………

2........................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(d) Explain what will happen to the production of extracellular enzyme if organelles Q and R are absent. Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada penghasilan enzim luar sel jika organel Q dan R tiada.

…..……….…………………………………………….…………………………………

………………………………………………………...………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(e) State the number of P if this cell undergoes mitosis. Explain your answer. Nyatakan bilangan P jika sel ini menjalani mitosis. Terangkan jawapan anda. .……….…………………………………………….……………………………………

.………………………………………………………...…………………………………

[2 marks]

R

Normal condition Keadaan normal

CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE

PLASMA MEMBRANE

1 Diagram 3.1 shows a plant cell in normal condition, and two conditions of the plant cell when immersed in different concentrations of sucrose solutions. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan dalam keadaan normal, dan dua keadaan sel itu apabila direndam di dalam larutan sukrosa berlainan kepekatan

Diagram 3.1

Rajah 3.1

(a) (i) Name P, Q and R. Namakan P, Q dan R.

P : ............………………………………………………………………

Q : ……….……………………………………………………………...

R : ..……………………………………………………………………... [3 marks]

Condition Y

Keadaan Y

Condition X Keadaan X

(a)

(ii) State condition Y of the plant cell.

Nyatakan keadaan Y sel tumbuhan itu ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 marks]

(b)

Explain how condition X and condition Y of the plant cell occur. Terangkan bagaimana keadaan X dan keadaan Y sel tumbuhan itu berlaku.

Condition X :

Keadaan X :

…………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

Condition Y :

Keadaan Y :

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks]

(c) A chemical substance inhibits the respiration process in the root hair cells of the

plant. Explain the effect to the transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells.

Satu bahan kimia telah merencat proses respirasi di dalam sel-sel rerambut akar

tumbuhan itu. Terangkan kesan ke atas pengangkutan ion mineral ke dalam sel-sel

rerambut akar itu.

……………………….………………………………………....………………

……………………….…………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(d) Diagram 3.2 shows a wilted plant after i t w a s supplied with an excess amount of fertiliser. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu tumbuhan layu setelah diberikan baja yang

berlebihan.

Leaf

Daun

Diagram 3.2

Rajah 3.2

Draw a labeled diagram to show the condition of a leaf cell of the plant.

Lukis satu rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan keadaan sel daun bagi tumbuhan itu.

[2 marks]

CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

1 Diagram 4.1 shows the action of enzyme sucrase on substrate P.

Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan tindakan enzim sukrase ke atas substrat P.

Diagram 4.1

Rajah 4.1

(a) Name P and Q.

Namakan P dan Q.

P :……………………………………………………………………………………….

Q :…..……….……………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(b) (i) The action of enzyme sucrase on substrate P is specific.

Explain this statement.

Tindakan enzim sukrase ke atas substrat P adalah spesifik.

Terangkan pernyataan ini.

………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks] (ii) Based on diagram 4.1, state two other characteristics of enzyme sucrase.

Berdasarkan rajah 4.1, nyatakan dua ciri enzim sukrase yang lain.

1. ……………..…………………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

Sucrase

Sukrase

P Q

(c) When a sliced apple is exposed to air, an enzyme in the apple starts a chemical reaction

which causes the apple to turn brown.

Diagram 4.2 shows the observation made on a sliced apple before and after a treatment

as follows:

Part X : Soaked in an alkali

Part Y : Soaked in distilled water

Apabila sepotong epal didedahkan ke udara, sejenis enzim dalam epal akan

memulakan tindak balas kimia yang menyebabkan epal bertukar perang.

Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan pemerhatian yang dibuat ke atas potongan epal sebelum dan

selepas satu rawatan seperti berikut:

Bahagian X : Direndam di dalam alkali

Bahagian Y : Direndam di dalam air suling

Diagram 4.2

Rajah 4.2

(i) Based on diagram 1.2, explain your observation.

Berdasarkan rajah 1.2, terangkan pemerhatian anda.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(ii) Explain another treatment to avoid sliced apple from turning brown.

Terangkan satu rawatan lain untuk mengelakkan potongan epal bertukar perang.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

X Y

CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION

1 Diagram 5 shows nucleus of a parent cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells after a cell division. Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu nukleus sel induk dan dua nukleus sel-sel anak selepas pembahagian sel.

Cell division

Pembahagian sel

Diagram 5

Rajah 5

(a) Based on Diagram 5, Berdasarkan Rajah 5, (i) State the type of cell division. Nyatakan jenis pembahagian sel yang ditunjukkan. ………………………………………………………….……………………………

[1 mark]

(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i). Berikan dua alasan bagi jawapan anda (a)(i). 1.………….……………………………………………………………………………… 2.………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

Parent cell

Sel induk

Daughter cells

Sel-sel anak

(b)

Explain the importance of the process to the living organism. Terangkan kepentingan proses tersebut terhadap organism hidup. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(c) (i) For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw the cell in the box below to show the chromosomal behaviour during the stage of Metaphase I in meiosis. Untuk satu sel tumbuhan yang mempunyai 2n=4, lukis sel tersebut dalam kotak di bawah untuk menunjukkan perlakuan kromosom dalam peringkat Metafasa 1 meiosis.

[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the events during metaphase I which contribute to variation in organisms. Terangkan kejadian semasa metafasa I yang menyumbang kepada variasi dalam organism. .……….…………………………………………….……………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(e) Uncontrolled meiosis leads to production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis. Meiosis tidak terkawal mengakibatkan penghasilan gamet dengan bilangan kromosom yang tidak normal. Namakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pembahagian meiosis yang tidak terkawal. ……………………………………………………………………………………............

[1 mark]

CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

1

Diagram 6

Rajah 6

Diagram 6 shows the transport of nutrients X, Y and Z to the liver and the body cells.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan pengangkutan nutrein X, Y dan Z ke hati dan sel- sel badan.

a) Name the nutrients:

Namakan nutrien:

X: ………………………………………………

Y: ………………………………………………

Z: ………………………………………………

[3 marks]

Synthesis of

plasma membrane

Sintesis membran

plasma Liver

hati

Nutrient X

Nutrien X

Nutrient Y

Nutrient Y

Urea

Nutrient Z

b) The small intestine in Diagram 6 has numerous projections.

Draw and label a longitudinal section of one of these projections in the space below.

Usus kecil dalam Rajah 6 banyak unjuran jejari .

Lukis dan labelkan keratan memanjang satu daripada unjuran jejari tersebut dalam

ruang di bawah.

[2 marks]

c) (i) State the process that occurs in the projection drawn in (b).

Nyatakan proses yang berlaku dalam unjuran jejari yang dilukis dalam (b)

………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(ii) State one characteristic of the projections drawn in (b) that will help the

process in (c)(i) to function efficiently.

Nyatakan satu ciri unjuran jejari yang dilukis dalam (b) yang

membantu proses dalam (c)(i) untuk berfungsi dengan cekap.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

d) Excess nutrient Y cannot be stored in the body and are broken down in the liver by one

process. Name the process.

Lebihan nutrien Y tidak boleh disimpan dalam badan dan dipecahkan dalam hati oleh

satu proses. Namakan proses tersebut.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

e) Nutrient Z is absorbed through a different circulatory system compared to nutrient X and

nutrient Y.

Nutrien Z diserap oleh sistem peredaran yang berbeza dari nutrien X dan Y

(i) Name the circulatory system involved in transporting nutrient X and nutrient Y.

Namakan sistem peredaran yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan nutrien X dan Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

[1 mark]

(ii) Describe how nutrient Z is drained back into the circulatory system which is named

in (d)(i).

Huraikan bagaimana nutrient Z masuk semula ke dalam sistem peredaran yang

dinyatakan dalam (d)(i).

......................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

1 Diagram 7 (a) shows two individuals P and Q in two different situations. P is in a vigorous

activity while Q is at rest. Processors of R and S occur in a human muscle cell.

Rajah 7 (a) menunjukkan dua individu P dan Q dalam dua situasi yang berbeza. P sedang

melakukan satu aktiviti cergas manakala Q berada dalam keadaan rehat. Proses R dan S

berlaku dalam satu sel otot manusia.

Diagram 7 (a)

Rajah 7 (a)

(a) (i) Base on Diagram 7 (a), name the processes:

Berdasarkan Rajah 7 (a) , namakan proses:

Process R /Proses R : …………………………………………………………

Process S / Proses S: ………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

(b)

(c)

(d)

Write the equation of process S.

Tuliskan persamaan bagi proses S.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

Explain two differences between process R and process S.

Terangkan dua perbezaan antara proses R dan S.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

Diagram 7 (b) i shows fish respiratory structure and Diagram 7 (b) ii shows mammal

respiratory structure.

Rajah 7 (b) i menunjukkan struktur pernafasan ikan dan Rajah 7 (b) ii menunjukkan

struktur pernafasan mamalia.

Diagram 7 (b) i Diagram 7 (b) ii

Rajah 7 (b) i Rajah 7 (b) ii

(i) What is X?

Apakah X?

……………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(ii) State two characteristics of X, which makes it a good respiratory structure for

fish.

Nyatakan dua ciri struktur X yang menjadikan ia struktur pernafasan yang

baik bagi ikan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

Explain three adaptations for structures shows in Diagram 7 (b) ii to carry out its

function efficiently.

Terangkan tiga adaptasi yang terdapat pada struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah

7 (b) ii dalam menjalankan fungsinya dengan cekap.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………..

[3marks]

CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

1 Diagram 8 shows an incomplete nitrogen cycle.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kitaran nitrogen yang tidak lengkap.

Diagram 8

Rajah 8

a. Name compounds J, K and L.

Namakan sebatian J, K dan L.

J : …………………………………..

K: …………………………………..

L : …………………………………..

[3 marks]

b. Name organism X and Y.

Namakan organism X dan Y.

X : …………………………………..

Y : …………………………………..

[2 marks]

c. State two microorganisms that can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen into compound J.

Nyatakan dua mikroorganisma yang boleh mengasimilasi nitrogen di udara menjadi

sebatian J.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

d. Explain briefly how nitrogen in animals can be converted to compound J.

Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana nitrogen dalam haiwan boleh ditukarkan kepada

sebatian J.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

e. Name organism Z and explain briefly how it balances the cycle.

Namakan organism Z dan terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana ia menyeimbangkan

kitaran ini.

Organisma Z : …………………………………………………………………………...

Organisma Z

Explanation : …………………………………………………………………………....

Penerangan

[3 marks]

CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

1

Q P

Substances X

Bahan X

Sunlight

Cahaya Matahari

Diagram 9.1: Human activities that cause bad effect to environment.

Rajah 9.1: Aktiviti-aktiviti manusia yang menjejaskan alam sekitar

(a) State two substances X.

Namakan dua bahan X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(b) What is the phenomenon that occurs as a result of substance X.

Apakah fenomena yang berlaku diakibatkan oleh bahan X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(c) Explain how phenomenon in (b) can occur.

Terangkan bagaimana fenomena di (b) berlaku.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(d) State two implications of phenomenon in (b) on the environment.

Nyatakan dua kesan fenomena di (b) ke atas alam sekitar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(e) State the steps that should be taken to reduce phenomenon in (b).

Nyatakan langkah-langkah kawalan untuk mengurangkan phenomenom in (b).

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

2

A.

Diagram 9.2 shows the flow of river at Pasir Gudang. An experiment is carried out to study

the water pollution among zone R, S, T and U.

Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan sebatang sungai yang mengalir melalui kawasan di Pasir Gudang.

Satu kajian pencemaran air telah dijalankan di zon R, S, T dan U.

Table 9.3 shows the results of an experiment

Jadual 9.3 menunjukkan keputusan kajian tersebut.

Zone

Zon

B.O.D value

Nilai B.O.D

Level

Level

R Very Low / Sangat Rendah 2

S Low / Rendah 6

T Very high / Sangat Tinggi 20

U Medium / Sederhana 10

Table 9.3

Jadual 9.3

(a) (i) Give the meaning of B.O.D

Berikan maksud B.O.D

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

Forest area

Kawasan hutan

Vegetable farm

Kebun sayuran

Residential area

Kawasan perumahan

Industries area

Kawasan Industri

Direction of river

flow

Arah aliran

sungai

Zone S

Zone R

Zone T

Zone U

Diagram 9.2

Rajah 9.2

(ii) State the relationship between B.O.D value with the level of water pollution.

Nyatakan hubungan antara nilai B.O.D dengan tahap pencemaran air sungai.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(b) (i) From Table 9.3, the river water in which zone is the most polluted?

Daripada Jadual 9.3, air sungai di zon manakah yang paling tercemar?

……………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(ii) Name two types of pollutant which discharged into the river in zone you state in

(b)(i).

Namakan dua bahan yang menyebabkan air sungai paling tercemar di zon yang

anda nyatakan di (b)(i).

…..…………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(iii) Describe the changes in the population of bacteria in zone that you state in (b)(i)

which most polluted.

Huraikan perubahan populasi bacteria dalam zon yang anda nyatakan di (b)(i)

mempunyai air sungai yang paling tercemar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(c) State two methods to reduce river pollution.

Nyatakan dua cara untuk mengurangkan pencemaran air.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

(d) In your opinion, does this river water suitable to be used by villagers as their water

source? Explain.

Pada pendapat anda, adakah air sungai ini sesuai digunakan oleh penduduk sebagai

sumber air di rumah? Berikan penjelasan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 1

Soalan 1

Membran plasma adalah membran separa telap yang hanya membenarkan air dan zat terlarut

tertentu melaluinya.

Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat kesan kepekatan larutan garam ke atas

pergerakan molekul air merentasi membran separa telap.

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane that allows water molecule and certain

solute to move across the membrane freely. An experiment was carried out to investigate the

effect of concentration of salt solution on the movement of water molecules across a semi-

permeable membrane.

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan :

The following steps were carried out:

Langkah 1

Step 1

4 bikar dilabelkan A hingga D. Bikar-bikar tersebut masing-masing diisikan dengan 250 ml

larutan berikut:

4 beakers ara labeled A to D. The beakers are filled with 250 ml of the following solutions

respectively:

Bikar

Beaker

Kepekatan larutan garam Concentration of salt solution, %

A 5

B 15

C 30

D 45

Langkah 2

Step 2

Jisim awal setiap telur asin ditimbang dan direkodkan.

Initial mass of the salty egg is weighed and recorded.

Langkah 3

Step 3

Telur-telur asin yang mempunyai jisim yang sama itu masing-masing direndam dalam bikar

A, B, C dan D selama satu jam.

Salty egg with the same mass is immersed in beaker A, B, C and D for one hour.

Langkah 4

Step 4

Jisim akhir setiap telur asin ditimbang dan direkodkan.

Final mass of the salty egg is weighed and recorded.

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan jisim awal telur asin untuk setiap kepekatan garam yang berbeza.

Diagram 1.1 shows the initial mass of salty egg in different salt solution.

Rajah 1.1

Diagram 1.1

Jisim awal = ..............................g

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kaedah yang telah digunakan oleh pelajar itu.

Diagram 1.2 shows the method used by the student in the experiment.

Rajah 1.2

Diagram 1.2

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan jisim akhir telur asin selepas satu larutan garam yang

berlainan kepekatan.

Table 1 shows the result of the final mass of salty egg after immersed for one hour in different

concentration of salt solution

Bikar Beaker

Kepekatan larutan garam, % Concentration of salt solution, %

Jisim akhir telur asin selepas satu jam direndam dalam larutan garam Final mass of salty egg after hour immersed in salt solution

A 5

B 15

C 30

D 45

Jadual 1 Table 1

(a) Rekodkan jisim akhir telur asin selepas direndam dalam larutan garam selama 1 jam

dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam Jadual 1.

Record the final mass of salty egg after immersed in salt solution for one hour in the

provided in Table 1.

[3 markah]

(b) i) Berdasarkan Jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.

Based on Table 1, state two different observations.

Pemerhatian 1 :

Observation 1 :

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Pemerhatian 2 :

Observation 2

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 markah]

(ii) Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di 1(b)(i).

State the inferences which correspond to the observations in 1(b)(i).

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

Inference from observation 1 :

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2 :


............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

[3 markah]

(c) Lengkapkan Jadual 1 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Complete Table 1 based on this experiment.

Pembolehubah

Variable

Cara mengendali

pembolehubah

Method to handle the variable

Pembolehubah dimanipulasi

Manipulated variable

………………………………………

….…………………….………………

………………………………………..

…………………………………………

…..………………………………........

…………………………………………

Pembolehubah bergerak balas

Responding variable

………………………………………..

………………………………………..

………………………………………..

……………………………………......

………………………………………

………………………………………

Pembolehubah dimalarkan

Constant variable

………………………………………...

………………………………………...

………………………………………

……………………………………......

………………………………………

………………………………………

Table 2 Jadual 2 [3 markah]

(d)

Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

State the hypothesis for this experiment.

………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 markah]

(e) (i) Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpulkan dalam eksperimen

ini. Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:

Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment. Your table

should have the following titles:

Kepekatan larutan garam

Concentration of salt solution

Jisim awal telur asin

Initial mass of salty egg

Jisim akhir telur asin

Final mass of salty egg

Perbezaan jisim

Difference in mass

Peratus perubahan jisim

Percentage change in mass

[3 markah]

(ii) Guna kertas graf yang disediakan untuk menjawab soalan ini. Menggunakan

data di 1 (e) (i), lukis satu graf peratus perubahan jisim telur asin melawan

kepekatan larutan garam.

Use the graph paper provided to answer this question. Using the data in 1(e) (i),

draw a graph to show the percentage change in mass of salty egg in different

concentration of salt solution.

[3 markah]

(f) Berdasarkan graf di 1 (e) (ii), terangkan hubungan antara kepekatan larutan garam

dengan perubahan jisim telur asin.

Based on the graph in 1(e) (ii), explain the relationship between the concentration of

salt solution with the change in mass of salty egg.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 markah]

(g) Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi osmosis.

Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational definition for osmosis.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 markah]

(h)

Berdasarkan graf di 1 (e) (ii), ramalkan kepekatan larutan garam yang isotonik

terhadap kepekatan zat terlarut dalam telur asin. Terangkan ramalan anda.

Based on the graph in 1(e) (ii), predict the concentration of salt solution that is isotonic

to the fluid inside the salty egg. Explain your prediction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 markah]

(i) Setiap vilus mempunyai jaringan kapilari darah dan salur limfa yang disebut

lakteal. Penyerapan nutrien berlaku di vilus.

Each villus has a network of blood capillaries and lymphatic vessel called a lacteal.

Nutrient absorption occurs in the villus.

Glukosa Vitamin D Asid lemak

Glucose Vitamin D Fatty acids

Vitamin B Gliserol Asid amino

Vitamin B Glycerol Amino acids

Kelaskan senarai nutrien di atas berdasarkan penyerapan nutrien yang belaku dalam

vilus dalam Jadual 3.

Classify the list of nutrient above based on the absorption of nutrient in the villus in

Table 3.

Kapilari darah

Blood capillary

Lakteal

Lacteal

Jadual 3

Table 3 [ 3 markah]

Graf peratus perubahan jisim telur asin melawan kepekatan larutan garam Graph of the percentage change in mass of salty egg against the concentration of salt solution.

Question 2

Soalan 2

Starch and protein contained in food are large molecules. Large molecules cannot be

absorbed by the villi of the small intestine. Glucose and amino acids are small

molecules which can diffuse into the villi.

Based on the information above, plan a laboratory experiment to show that small

molecules are able to diffuse across a semipermeable membrane but large molecules

cannot.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Kanji dan protein yang terkandung ‹dalam makanan merupakan molekul besar.

Molekul besar tidak boleh diserap oleh vilus usus kecil. Glukosa dan asid amino

adalah molekul kecil yang boleh meresap ke dalam vilus.

Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk

menunjukkan bahawa molekul kecil boleh meresap merentasi membran separa telap

tetapi molekul besar tidak boleh.

Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

• Problem statement

Penyataan masalah

• Hypothesis

hipotesis

• Variables

Pembolehubah

• List of apparatus and materials

Senarai radas dan bahan

• Procedure of experiment

Prosedur eksperimen

• Presentation of data

Persembahan data

[ 17 marks]

CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Question 1

Soalan 1

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pH values on the hydrolysis of

starch by amylase enzyme. Several buffer solutions with different pH values were

prepared.

Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan nilai pH ke atas hidrolisis kanji

oleh enzim amilase. Beberapa larutan penimbal dengan nilai pH yang berbeza disediakan.

The following steps were carried out.

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan.

Step 1

3 ml of 1% amylase solution was placed into a boiling tube containing 6 ml of buffer

solution at pH 6.

Langkah 1

3 ml 1% larutan amilase telah dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih yang mengandungi 6 ml

larutan penimbal pada pH 6.

Step 2

4 drops of iodine solution was placed into each groove on a white tile.

Langkah 2

4 titis larutan iodin diletakkan ke dalam setiap lekuk pada suatu jubin putih.

Step 3

4 ml of 1% starch solution was added into the boiling tube and the stopwatch is started

immediately.

Langkah 3

4 ml 1% larutan kanji ditambah ke dalam tabung didih itu dan jam randik dimulakan

dengan segera.

Step 4

Every 2 minutes, a drop of the mixture from the boiling tube was dropped into a new

groove of iodine solution on the white tile by using a clean dropper.Langkah 4

Setiap 2 minit, satu titik larutan campuran daripada tabung didih itu dititiskan ke atas

lekuk baru yang mengandungi larutan iodin pada jubin putih itu dengan menggunakan

penitis yang bersih.

Step 5

The time taken for the iodine solution to remain yellow is recorded.

Langkah 5

Masa diambil untuk larutan iodine itu kekal kuning direkodkan.

Step 6

Steps 1- 5 are repeated using buffer solutions at pH 5, 7, 8, 9.

Langkah 6

Langkah 1 – 5 diulang dengan menggunakan larutan penimbal pada pH 5, 7, 8, 9.

Diagram 1 shows the materials and the apparatus used in this experiment for different pH

values of buffer solutions.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan bahan dan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini untuk

larutan penimbal pada nilai pH yang berbeza.

Diagram 1

Rajah 1

Diagram 2 shows the observation for the experiment using buffer solution at pH 6 after 6

minutes.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi eksperimen yang menggunakan larutan penimbal

pada pH 6 selepas 6 minit.

Diagram 2

Rajah 2

3

4

6

Table 1 shows the results of this experiment.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.

pH of buffer

solution

pH larutan

penimbal

OBSERVATION

PEMERHATIAN

Time taken for iodine

solution to remain

yellow (min)

Masa diambil untuk

larutan iodine kekal

kuning (min)

End of experiment

Akhir eksperimen

5

………. minutes

minit

6

………. minutes

minit

7

………. minutes

minit

8

………. minutes

minit

9

………. minutes

minit

(a) Record the time taken for the iodine solution to remain yellow in Table 1.

Rekod masa yang diambil untuk larutan iodin kekal kuning di dalam Jadual 1.

[3 marks]

(b) (i) State two different observations made from Table 1.

Nyataka dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripada Jadual 1.

Observation 1:

Pemerhatian 1 :

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Observation 2:

Pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(ii) State the inferences from the observations in 1(b)(i). Nyatakan inferens daripada pemerhatian di 1 (b)(i). Inference from observation 1:


………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Inference from observation 2:


………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(c) Complete Table 2 based on this experiment.

Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Variables

Pemboleh ubah


Cara mengendali pemboleh ubah


Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

Responding variable

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

Constant variable

Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

….………………………………………………………………………………………

….………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.

Your table should have the following titles:

Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.

Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:

pH

pH

Time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow

Masa diambil untuk larutan iodin kekal kuning

Rate of amylase activity on starch

Kadar aktiviti amylase terhadap kanji

Rate of amylase activity = 1

Time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow

Kadar aktiviti amilase = 1

Masa diambil untuk larutan iodine kekal kuning

[3 marks]

(ii) Using the data 1(e)(i), draw a graph of the rate of amylase activity on starch against the pH values of the mixture solution. Menggunakan data 1(e)(i), lukis graf kadar aktviti amilase ke atas kanji melawan nilai pH bagi larutan campuran.

[3 marks]

(f) Based on the graph in 1(e)(ii), explain the relationship between the rate of amylase activity on starch and the pH values of the mixture solution. Berdasarkan graf di 1(e)(ii), terangkan hubungan antara kadar aktiviti amilase dan nilai pH larutan campuran. …………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(g) State the operational definition for the hydrolysis of starch by amylase enzyme. Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi hidrolisis kanji oleh enzim amilase. …………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(h) This experiment is repeated using buffer solution at pH 7 in water bath at 20°C. Predict the outcome of this experiment. Explain your prediction. Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggunakan larutan penimbal pada pH 7 dalam kukus air pada suhu 20°C. Ramalkan hasil eksperimen ini. Terangkan ramalan anda. …………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(i) Classify the following materials and apparatus that used in this experiment into manipulated variables, responding variables and constant variables Kelaskan bahan dan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini kepada pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan, pemboleh ubah bergerak balas dan pemboleh ubah dimalarkan. Boiling tube Iodine solution Thermometer Tabung didih Larutan iodine Termometer Stopwatch Amylase solution Buffer solution Jam randik Larutan amilase Larutan penimbal

Variables Pemboleh ubah

Material Bahan

Apparatus Radas

Manipulated Dimanipulasikan

Responding Bergerak balas

Constant Dimalarkan

[3 marks]

Question 2

Soalan 2

Situation 1

Salmah uses warm water to wash her clothes using liquid which contains added enzyme.

The cleaning is more effective.

Situasi 1

Salmah menggunakan air suam untuk membasuh pakaian menggunakan cecair pencuci

yang mengandungi enzim tambahan. Cuciannya adalah lebih berkesan.

Situation 2

Using the same washing liquid as in situation 1, Mary uses cold water to wash her clothes.

The cleaning is less effective.

Situasi 2

Menggunakan cecair pencuci yang sama di situasi 1, Mary menggunakan air sejuk untuk

membasuh pakaian. Cuciannya adalah kurang berkesan.

Based on both situations, design a laboratory experiment to study the effect of the

temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction.

Berdasarkan kedua-dua situasi itu, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk mengkaji

kesan suhu ke atas kadar tindak balas enzim.


Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek berikut:

Problem statement

Pernyataan masalah

Hypothesis

Hipotesis

Variables

Pemboleh ubah

List of apparatus and materials

Senarai bahan dan radas

Procedure of experiment

Prosedur eksperimen

Presentation of data

Persembahan data

[17 marks]

CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

Question 1

Soalan 1

Energy value or calorific value is the quantity of heat produced when one gram of food is

completely oxidized or burnt down. This heat energy is then absorbed by the water in the boiling

tube. Hence, the energy content in food varies among food samples according to their classes of

food.

Nilai tenaga atau nilai kalori adalah kuantiti haba yang dihasilkan apabila satu gram makanan

dioksidakan dengan lengkap atau dibakar. Tenaga haba ini seterusnya diserap oleh air di dalam

tabung didih. Justeru itu, kandungan tenaga dalam pelbagai sampel makanan adalah berbeza-

beza berdasarkan kelas-kelas makanan.

A group of form 4 students carried out an experiment to determine the energy value for the

following food samples in Diagram 1

Sekumpulan pelajar tingkatan 4 telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai

tenaga untuk sampel-sampel makanan berikut dalam Rajah 1.

Diagram 1

Rajah 1

Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up used in this experiment showing the initial water

temperature of 29 o C.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan suatu set radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini yang

menunjukkan suhu awal air adalah 29 o C.

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

The following steps were carried out :

Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan :

Step 1: Small pieces of bread (P) is cut off and mass is weight and recorded using a balance.

Sebahagian kecil roti (P) telah dikerat dan jisimnya ditimbang serta direkodkan

menggunakan penimbang.

Step 2: 20 ml of distilled water was placed into a clean boiling tube by using a measuring

cylinder.

20 ml air suling dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih yang bersih menggunakan

silinder penyukat.

Step 3: The boiling tube is clamped to a retort stand with thermometer placed in it.

Tabung didih diapit pada kaki retort dengan termometer diletakkan ke dalamnya.

Step 4: The initial temperature of water in the boiling tube were measured and recorded by

using a thermometer.

Jisim awal air di dalam tabung didih diukur dan direkodkan menggunakan

termometer.

Step 5: The bread (P) is attached to a pin and burnt in a labour gas flame

Roti (P) dilekatkan pada pin dan dibakar di dalam api gas labor.

Step 6: When completely burnt, the burnt bread is placed below the boiling tube.

Apabila pembakaran lengkap, roti yang dibakar diletakkan di bawah tabung didih.

Step 7: The water is stirred gently with the thermometer.

Air dikacau secara perlahan menggunakan termometer.

Step 8: The final temperature of water is recorded using the thermometer

Suhu akhir air direkodkan menggunakan termometer.

Step 9: The energy value of bread is calculated using the following formula:

Energy value = 4.2 (Jg -1 oC) x mass of water (g) x temperature increase (oC )

Mass of food sample (g)

Nilai tenaga roti dihitung menggunakan formula berikut:

Nilai tenaga = 4.2 (Jg -1 oC) x jisim air (g) x kenaikan suhu (oC )

Jisim sampel makanan(g)

Step 10: Step 1 until 9 are repeated using anchovy (Q) and cashew nut (R)

Langkah I hingga 9 diulangi menggunakan ikan bilis (Q) dan kacang gajus (R)

Table 1 shows the highest water temperature after the food sample is completely burnt down

Jadual I menunjukkan suhu tertinggi selepas sampel makanan dibakar dengan lengkap.

Type of food sample

Jenis sampel makanan

Mass of food sample

Jisim sampel

makanan(g)

Final temperature of

water

Suhu akhir air(oC )

Increase in water

temperature

Pertambahan suhu

air(oC )

P

Bread

Roti

0.6

Q

Anchovy

Ikan Bilis

0.8

R

Cashew nut

Kacang Gajus

1.2

a) Record the increase in water temperature in Table 1

Rekod kenaikan suhu air di dalam Jadual 1.

[3 marks]

35

b)(i) State two different observations that can be made from Table I.

Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang boleh dibuat danpada Jadual 1.

Observation 1/ Pemerhatian 1:

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

Observation 2/ Pemerhatian 2:

.....................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

b)(i) State two inferences related to above observations.

Nyatakan dua inferens berkaitan dengan pemerhatian di atas.

Inference from observation 1/ Inferens dari pemerhatian 1:

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

Inference from observation 2/ Inferens dari pemerhatian 2:

.....................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

c)

From Diagram 2, list out all the apparatus and materials used in this experiment.

Dari Rajah 2, senaraikan semua radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam

eksperimen ini.

Apparatus

Radas

Material

Bahan

Table 2/ Jadual 2

[3 marks]

d) Complete the variables in Table 3 based on this experiment.

Lengkapkan pembolehubah-pembolehubah dalam Jadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen

ini.

Variables

Pembolehubah

Method to handle the variables

Cara mengendalikan pembolehubah

Manipulated Variable:

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Responding Variable:

Pembolehubah bergerak balas:

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Fixed Variable:

Pembolehubah Malar :

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Table 3 / Jadual 3

[3 marks]

e) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

f) Construct a table and record all data collected in this experiment.

Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan data yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen ini.

Your table should have the following :

Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi yang berikut:

Type of food sample

Jenis sampel makanan

Mass of food sample

Jisim sampel makanan

Increase in water temperature

Kenaikan suhu air

Energy value for each food sample

Nilai tenaga setiap sampel makanan

[3 marks]

g)(i) By using the table in 1(f), draw a bar chart graph on the energy value against the

type of food sample.

Dengan menggunakanJadual di 1(f), lukiskan satu graf carta bar ke atas nilai

tenaga melawan jenis sampel makanan,

[3 marks]

g)(ii)

Based on the graph in l(g)(i), state the relationship between the energy value and

the type of food sample.

Explain.

Berdasarkan graf dalam l(g)(ii), nyatakan hubungan di antara nilai tenaga dan

jenis sampel makanan..

Terangkan.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

h) If the food sample is replaced by S, predict the outcome of the experiment. Explain

your prediction.

Sekiranya sampel makanan digantikan oleh S, ramalkan hasil eksperimen.

Terangkan ramalan anda

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

i) Define operationally the Energy Value.

Definisikan secara operasi Nilai Tenaga.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

S

Question 2

Soalan 2

Diagram 2 shows two types of fruit. The fruit juices contain vitamin C.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis buah-buahan. Jus buah-buahan tersebut mengandungi vitamin

C.

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

By using materials and apparatus available in the laboratory, plan an experiment to determine the

concentration of vitamin C in watermelon juice and pineapple juice. The planning of your

experiment must include the following aspects:

Dengan menggunakan bahan dan radas yang terdapat di dalam makmal, rancangkan satu

experimen untuk menentukan kepekatan vitamin C di dalam jus tembikai dan jus nanas.


Problem statement

Pernyataan masalah

Hypothesis

Hipotesis

Variables

Pembolehubah

List of materials and apparatus

Senarai bahan dan radas

Experimental procedures

Kaedah eksperimen

Presentation of data

Persembahan data [17 marks]

Watermelon/Tembikai Pineapple/Nanas

CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

A group of students carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of running at a different distance on the content of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air. A boy was asked to run at different distances at a time which are 100 meters, 400 meters and 800 meters. Immediately after running for a specific distance, the boy was asked to exhale into a test tube as shown in Diagram 1.1. The air is analysed immediately for the amount of carbon dioxide produced with a J-tube as shown in Diagram 1.2. The boy was allowed to rest for 30 minutes before he started running for another distance. Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan larian pada jarak yang

berbeza terhadap kandungan karbon dioksida di dalam udara hembusan. Seorang pelajar lelaki telah

diminta untuk berlari pada jarak yang berbeza iaitu 100 meter, 400 meter dan 800 meter. Sebaik sahaja

beliau selesai berlari pada jarak tertentu, beliau telah diminta untuk menghembus nafas kedalam sebuah

tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah 1.1. Udara hembusan itu kemudiannya dianalisis untuk

mendapatkan jumlah karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan tiub J seperti pada rajah

1.2. Pelajar lelaki itu dibenarkan untuk berehat selama 30 minit sebelum memulakan larian pada jarak

seterusnya.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 Rajah 1.1 Rajah 1.2

Question 1

Soalan 1

Diagram 1.3

Rajah 1.3

The following steps were carried out for each activity. Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan untuk setiap aktiviti.

Step 1 : The short limb of J-tube is dipped into potassium hydroxide solution as shown in Diagram 1.3.

Langkah 1: Lengan pendek tiub-J ditenggelamkan ke dalam larutan kalium hidroksida

sebagaimana Rajah 1.3.

Step 2: The screw is rotated to withdraw potassium hydroxide to a level close to the short limb of the J-tube.

Langkah 2: Skrew dilaraskan untuk mendapatkan aras larutan kalium hidrosida supaya

memenuhi lengan pendek tiub-J.

Step 3: Then, immedietly the J-tube is dipped into the exhale air in the test tube and the screw

is rotated to withdraw 10 cm of air from the test tube into the J-tube.

Langkah 3: Tiub-J dengan pantas dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji udara hembusan dan skrew

di laraskan untuk mendapatkan 10 cm udara daripada tabung uji ke dalam tiub-J.

Step 4: Then step 2 is repeated until the level of potassium hydroxide reaches the collar of the J-tube as shown in Diagrams 1.4.

Langkah 4: Langkah 2 diulang sehingga aras larutan kalium hidrosida menghampiri leher tiub-J

sepertimana Rajah 1.4.

Step 5: The potassium hydroxide is moved back and forth to maximize the reaction of air

inside the air column with the reagent for five minute and the length of air column is mesured and recorded.

Langkah 5: Lautan kalium hidrosida digerak ke depan dan ke belakang untuk tindakbalas maksima udara dalam turus udara dengan reagen selama lima minit dan aras kolum turus kemudiaannya di ukur dan direkod

Diagram 1.4 shows the length of air column in the J-tube before treatment using 0.1% potassium hydroxide solution. Rajah 1.4 menunjukkan panjang turus udara di dalam Tiub-J sebelum diuji dengan menggunaka 0.1 % larutan kalium hidroksida.

0.1 %Potassium hydroxide 0.1 % Kalium hidroksida

Ruler / Pembaris

Diagram 1.4 Rajah 1.4

(a) The following are some of the materials and apparatus used in this experiment.

Di bawah adalah sebahagian daripada bahan dan radas yang

digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini.

Air column Turus udara

0.1 %Potassium hydroxide 0.1 % Kalium hidroksida

Sportsman, J-tube, beaker, 0.1 % potassium hydroxide, water, ruler, test tube, rubber tube

Ahli sukan, Tiub-J, bikar, 0.1 % kalium hidroksida, air, pembaris, tabung uji, salur getah

List all the materials and apparatus used in Table 1. Dalam Jadual 1, senaraikan semua bahan dan radas yang digunakan..

Material Bahan

Apparatus Radas

[3 marks]

(b)

Table 2 shows the results of this experiment. Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.

The distance Jarak

Length of air column after five minutes treated with potassium hydroxide.

Panjang turus udara selepas lima minit diuji dengan kalium hidroksida

Length of air column

(cm) Panjang

100 meters

cm

400 meters

cm

(c)

800 meters

cm

Table 2 Jadual 2

Record the length of air column in the boxes provided in Table 2.

Rekodkan panjang turus udara di dalam petak yang disediakan dalam Jadual 2.

[3 marks]

(i) State two different observations made from Table 2. Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripada Jadual 2.

Observation 1 / Pemerhatian 1

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………

Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………… [3 marks]

(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in 1 (c)(i) Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di 1 (c)(i)

Inference from observation 1 / Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

Inference from observation 2 / Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………… [3 marks]

(d)

(e)

Complete Table 3 based on this experiment. Lengkapkan Jadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini

Variables Pembolehubah

Method to handle the variable Cara mengendali pembolehubah


…………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………...

Responding variable

…………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah bergerak balas ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………...

Controlled variable

…………………………………………………….

Pembolehubah dimalarkan ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..

……………………………………… ……………………………………………………...

[3 marks]

State the hypothesis for this experiment.


……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(f)

i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment. Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpulkan dalam eksperimen ini.

Your table should have the following titles: Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut

- The distance taken by the boy to run.

Jarak yang diambil oleh pelajar untuk berlari

- The difference in the air column before and after running.

Perubahan panjang turus udara sebelum dan selepas berlarii.

- Percentage of carbon dioxide.

Used formula:

Percentage of carbon dioxide = _Difference in the length of air column X 100 Original length of air column

- Peratus kandungan carbón dioksida

Guna formula:

Peratus karbon dioksida = Perubahan panjang turus udara X 100

Panjang asal turus udara

[3 marks]

(g)

(h)

(ii) Use the graph paper provided to answer this part .

Using the data in 1 (f) (i), draw the graph of percentage of carbon dioxide

against the distance taken by the boy to run.

Gunakan kertas graf yang disediakan untuk menjawab ceraian soalan ini.

Menggunakan data di 1 (f)(i), lukis graf peratus kandungan karbon dioksida

melawan jarak yang diambil untuk pelajar itu berlari..

[3 marks]

Based on the graph in 1(f)(ii), explain the relationship between the distance taken and the percentage of carbon dioxide released.

Berdasarkan graf di 1 (f)(ii), terangkan hubungan di antara jarak yang diambil

dan peratus karbón dioksida yang dihasilkan .

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

[3 marks]

This experiment is repeated at 1500 meters. Predict the percentage of carbon dioxide released. Explain your prediction.

Eksperimen ini diulang bagi larian 1500 meters. Ramalkan peratus karbon

dioksida yang dihasilkan oleh ahli sukan tersebut.

Terangkan ramalan anda.

………………………………………………………………………………………...............

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

(i)

Based on the result from this experiment, what can you deduce about expired air? Berdasarkan keputusan daripada eksperimen ini, apakah yang dapat dirumuskan tentang udara hembusan?

………………………………………………………………………………………...............

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

Graph of the percentage of carbon dioxide against the distance taken by the boy Graf peratus kandungan karbon dioksida melawan jarak yang diambil oleh pelajar

Question 2

Soalan 2

Bread making industry is not new in the food industry in our country. Various types of bread can

be produced by using the correct method of bread making. The presence of yeast in anaerobic

respiration, releases carbon dioxide that allows the dough to expand.

Industri pembuatan roti sememangnya bukan satu perkara baru dalam industri makanan di

negara kita. Pelbagai jenis roti dapat dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah pembuatan roti

yang betul. Kehadiran yis yang berespirasi secara anaerobik dan membebaskan karbon dioksida

menyebabkan doh mengembang.

Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of the presence of yeast in bread making. Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk mengkaji kesan kehadiran yis dalam pembuatan roti. The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects: Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

Problem statement Penyataan masalah

Hypothesis Hipotesis

Variables Pembolehubah

List of apparatus and material Senarai radas dan bahan

Experimental procedure or method Kaedah atau prosedur eksperimen

Presentation of data Cara data dipersembahkan

[17 marks]

CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Question 1

Soalan 1

Growth in an organism can be measured by using its height, length, dry mass or wet mass. An

experiment was carried out to study the effect of different amount of fertilizer on the growth of

plants. Rice seedlings are planted in five seedling trays of soil using different amount of

fertilizer. Each tray contains 10 similar rice plants of height 10cm each. All the trays are placed

at the same place and given same amount of water every day for one week. Table 1.1shows the

different amount of fertilizer used in each tray.

Pertumbuhan sesuatu organism boleh diukur dengan menggunakan ketinggian, panjang, jisim

kering atau jisim basahnya. Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kuantiti baja

yang berlainan ke atas pertumbuhan tumbuhan. Anak benih padi ditanam di dalam lima dulang

semaian yang berisi tanah dengan kuantiti baja yang berlainan. Setiap dulang mengandungi 10

anak benih padi yang sama dengan ketinggian 10cm setiap satu. Semua dulang diletakkan di

tempat yang sama dan disiram setiap hari dengan air yang sama banyak. Jadual 1.1

menunjukkan kuantiti baja yang digunakan dalam setiap dulang.

Tray

Dulang

Amount of fertilizer (g)

Kuantiti baja (g)

A 2

B 4

C 6

D 8

E 10

Table 1.1

Jadual 1.1

Table 1.2 shows the results of the experiment after one week.

Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen selepas seminggu.

Tray

Dulang

Amount of fertilizer (g)

Kuantiti baja (g)

Dry mass of 10 rice seedlings

Jisim kering 10 anak benih padi

A 2

B 4

C 6

D 8

E 10

Table 1.2

Jadual 1.2

a. Record the tray dry mass of 10 rice seedlings in the boxes provided in Table 1.2

Rekod jisim kering 10 anak benih padi dalam kotak yang disediakan dalam Jadual 1.2 [3 marks / 3 markah]

b. Based on table 1.2, state two observations which can be made on the dry mass of the rice

seedlings in any tray.

Berdasarkan Jadual 1.2, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang boleh dibuat terhadap jisim kering anak benih padi dalam mana-mana dulang. Observation 1 / Pemerhatian 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks / 3 markah]

c. State the inference from the observation in 1 (b) (i)

Inference 1 / Inferens 1

………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………. Inference / Inferens 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………


d. Complete Table 1.3 based on the experiment

Lengkapkan jadual 1.3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini. Variable Pembolehubah

Method to handle the variable Cara mengendali pembolehubah

Manipulated variable Pembolehubah dimanipulasi …………………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………..

………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………….

Responding variable Pembolehubah bergerakbalas …………………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………..

………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………….

Constant variable Pembolehubah dimalarkan …………………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………..

………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………….


e. State the hypothesis for this experiment

Nyatakan hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………


f. Construct a table and record all the data collected from Table 1.2. Your table should have

the following titles:

Bina satu jadual dan rekod semua data yang dikumpul daripada Jadual 1.2. jadual anda

hendaklah mengandungi tajuk berikut

Tray / dulang

Amount of fertilizer / Kuantiti baja

Dry mass of 10 rice seedlings / Jisim kering 10 anak benih padi

Average dry mass of rice seedlings / Purata jisim kering anak benih padi

Growth rate of rice seedlings / Kadar pertumbuhan anak benih padi

Growth rate = Average dry mass Days Kadar pertumbuhan = Purata jisim kering Hari


Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

g. Using the data from 1 (e)(i), draw a graph of growth rate of rice seedlings against the

amount of fertilizer.

Dengan menggunakan data daripada soalan 1 (e)(i), lukiskan satu graf kadar

pertumbuhan anak benih padi melawan kuantiti baja yang digunakan dengan kadar

pertumbuhan anak benih padi. Terangkan jawapan anda.


h. Based on the result of experiment, sate the operational definition for growth rate.

Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen, nyatakan operasi secara definisi untuk kadar pertumbuhan. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………


i. Another group of students carried out the same experiment by using 20 rice seedlings in

one tray. Predict the result of this experiment. Explain your prediction.

Sekumpulan pelajar yang lain menjalankan eksperimen yang sama dengan menggunakan 20 anak benih padi dalam satu dulang. Ramalkan keputusan eksperimen. Terangkan ramalan anda. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………


j. The following list are the variable used in an experiment to study the growth in plants.

Calssify the following variables into manipulated variables and responding variables in

Table 1.4.

Senarai berikut ialah pembolehubah yang digunakan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan

dalam tumbuhan. Kelaskan pembolehubah berikut kepada pembolehubah

dimanipulasikan dan pembolehubah bergerakbalas dalam Jadual 1.4.

Length of leaves Type of nutrient Volume

Panjang daun Jenis nutrient Isipadu

Temperature Height Duration of watering

Suhu Ketinggian Jangka masa menyiram air

Manipulated variable Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan

Responding variable Pembolehubah bergerakbalas


Question 2

Soalan 2

Organisms in an environment compete with each other for the same basic needs for the survival. The effect of the competition is shown in their growth such as the height, size and dry mass. Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of intraspecific competition between the seedlings of green pea plants on their growth. Organism di dalam alam sekitar bersaing antara satu sama lain untuk mendapatkan keperluan asas yang sama bagi kemandirian masing-masing. Kesan daripada persaingan ini ditunjukkan melalui pertumbuhannya seperti ketinggian, saiz dan jisim kering. Berdasarkan daripada maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk mengkaji kesan persaingan intraspesifik ke atas pertumbuhan anak benih pokok kacang hijau. The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects: Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut

Problem statement

Pernyataan masalah Hypothesis

Hipotesis Variables

Pembolehubah List of apparatus and materials

Senarai radas dan bahan Experimental procedure

Prosedur eksperimen Presentation of data

Persembahan data


CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

Air pollution occurs when there is an increase in numbers of pollutants such as gases,

smoke, dust and dirt in the atmosphere. This condition will affect the safety and health

of living things.

A group of students conducted an investigation to determine the number of solid

pollutants in the air of different environment. The light microscope is used to help the

students to detertmine the number of solid pollutants.

Pencemaran udara berlaku apabila terdapat penambahan dari segi jumlah bahan

cemar seperti gas, asap, habuk dan kotoran dalam atmosfera. Keadadan ini akan

memberi kesan kepada keselamatan dan kesihatan organisma yang hidup.

Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu penyiasatan untuk menentukan jumlah

bilangan bahan cemar pepejal di dalam persekitaran udara bagi tempat yang berbeza.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Cellophane tape with sticky surface

facing upwards

Pita selofan dengan permukaan

melekat menghala ke atas

Light microscope

Mikroskop cahaya Glass slide / Slaid kaca

Question 1

Soalan 1

Glass

slide/

Slaid kaca

Loacation of

glass slide being

placed

Lokasi slaid

kaca diletakkan

Solid particles as seen under

light microscope

(magnify: 10 x 10)

Partikel pepejal yang dilihat di

bawah mikroskop cahaya

(kuasa pembesaran: 10x10)

Number of solid particles

as seen under light

microscope.

(magnify: 10 x 10)

Bilangan partikel pepejal

yang dilihat di bawah

mikroskop cahaya

(kuasa pembesaran:

10x10)

A

Air-conditioned

room

Bilik berhawa

dingin

B

Class room

Bilik darjah

Four sets of glass slides A, B, C, D are prepared. Each of it is put in a particular place

for two days as shown in Table 1. The results are recorded in the table.

Sebanyak empat set slaid kaca A, B, C dan D telah disediakan. Setiap satu daripadanya

diletakkan di tempat yang tertentu selama dua hari seperti ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.

Keputusan eksperimen tersebut telah dicatatkan di dalam jadual tersebut.

C

School canteen

Kantin sekolah

D

School car park

Tempat meletak

kenderaan di

sekolah

Table 1/ Jadual 1

(a) Complete Table 1 by filling in the number of solid particles shown in the field view

in the light microscope (magnification: 10x 10).

Lengkapkan Jadual 1 dengan mencatatkan bilangan zarah pepejal yang

diperhatikan di dalam medan penglihatan mikroshop cahaya tersebut (kuasa

pembesar: 10x10).

(b) (i) Based on Table 1, state two different observations.

Berdasarkan Jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.

Observation 1:

Pemerhatian 1:

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

Observation 2:

Pemerhatian 2:

…………………………..……………………………………………………………

.…….………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in (b)(i).

Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di (b)(i).

Inference from observation 1:


……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………



………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………........

[3 marks]

(c) Complete Table 2 based on this experiment.

Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Variables

Pembolehubah


Cara mengendalikan pembolehubah

Manipulated variable:

Pembolehubah dimanipulasi

……………………………………

……………………………………

……………………………………

…………………………………

………………………………...

…………………………………

Responding variable:

Pembolehubah bergerak balas

………………………..…………..

……………………………………

…………………………………

……………………………….

…………………………………

…………………………………

Constant variable:

Pembolehubah dimalarkan

…………………………………

…………………………………

…………………………………

…………………………………

………………………………...

…………………………………

Table 2 / Jadual 2

[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.


………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.

Your table should have the following titles.

Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.

Jadual anda perlu mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut.

Place where the glass slide is located

Tempat dimana slaid kaca telah diletakkan

Number of solid particles as seen under light microscope.

(magnification: 10 x 10)

Bilangan partikel pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop cahaya

(kuasa pembesaran: 10x10)

[3 mark]

(ii) Use the graph paper provided to answer this part of the question.

Using data in 1(e)(i), draw a bar chart to show the relationship between the place

where the glass slide is located and the number of solid particles as seen under light

microscope (magnification: 10 x 10).

Gunakan graf yang diberikan untuk menjawab bahagian ini.

Dengan menggunakan data dalam 1(e)(i), plotkan satu carta bar yang menunjukkan

hubungan antara tempat dimana slaid kaca telah diletakkan dan bilangan partikel

pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop cahaya (kuasa pembesaran:10x10)

[3 marks]

(f) Based on the bar chart in 1(e)(ii), explain the relationship between relationship

between the place where the glass slide is located and the number of solid particles

as seen under light microscope (magnify: 10 x 10).

Berdasarkan carta bar di 1(e)(ii), terangkan hubungan antara tempat dimana slaid

kaca telah diletakkan dan bilangan partikel pepejal yang dilihat di bawah mikroskop

cahaya (kuasa pembesaran:10x10)

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….…………………………………….

[3 marks]

(g) State the operational definition for air pollution

Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi pencemaran udara.

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….………………………………………

[3 marks]

(h) This experiment is repeated by placing the glass slide at a contraction area. Predict

the number of solid particles observed under the light microscope

(magnification: 10 x 10). Explain your prediction.

Eksperiment ini diulang dengan meletakkan slaid kaca tersebut di satu kawasan

pembinaan. Ramalkan bilangan zarah pepejal yang dapat diperhatikan di bawah

mikroskop cahaya (kuasa pembesaran: 10x 10). Terangkan ramalan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………….……………………………………

[3 marks]

(i) Another group of students carried out another experiment to determine the level of

water pollution of given water samples. The following list is part of the apparatus

and material used in the experiment.

Sekumpulan pelajar lain telah menjalankan satu eksperiment untuk menentukan

tahap pencemaran air nagi sampel air yang diberikan. Berikut adalah senarai bahan

dan radas yang digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini.

stop watch 0.1% methylene blue solution syringe

jam randik 0.1% larutan metilena biru picagari

reagent bottle water sample from various rivers

botol reagen sampel air dari beberapa sungai

Complete Table 3 by matching each variable with the apparatus and material used in

this experiment.

Lengkapkan Jadual 3 dengan memadankan setiap pembolehubah dengan radas dan

bahan di dalam eksperimen ini.

Variable

Pembolehubah

Apparatus

Radas

Material

Bahan

Manipulated

Dimanipulasi

Responding

Bergerak balas

Fixed

Dimalarkan

Table 3 / Jadual 3

[3 marks]

Question 2

Soalan 2

Diagram 2 shows a river running through several areas where there are human activities

going on. These areas have been polluted by the human activities.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebatang sungai mengalir melalui beberapa kawasan di mana

aktiviti-aktiviti manusia sedang berlangsung. Kawasan ini telah dicemari oleh aktiviti-

aktiviti manusia ini.

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Based on the given information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of

different sources of water from the station A, B and C on the level of water pollution.

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk

mengkaji kesan sumber air yang berlainan di stesen A, B dan C ke atas tahap

pencemaran air.



Problem statement / Penyataan masalah

Variables / Pemboleh ubah

Hypothesis / Hipotesis

List of materials and apparatus/ Senarai bahan dan radas digunakan

Procedure / Prosedur

Presentation of data / Cara data dipersembahkan

[17 marks]

Chemical factory

Kilang Kimia

Station B

Stesen B

Station C

Stesen C

Station A

Stesen A

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