Chapter 2 Causes of Abnormal Behaviour: A Systems Approach Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education...
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Causes of Abnormal Behaviour: A Systems Approach Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education...
Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behaviour:
A Systems Approach
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2
Thinking About Abnormal Behaviour
What causes it?
How should we study it?
paradigms vs. systems theory
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Paradigms
four traditional paradigms:– biological– psychodynamic– cognitive behavioural– humanistic
assumptions inflexible & sometimes too narrow
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Systems Theory
integrative approach (biopsychosocial)holism vs. reductionismmultifactorial causescan not fully explain causes of most
abnormal behaviour
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Case Study: Meghan’s Hardships
what caused Meghan to attempt suicide? issues to consider:
– heredity– inter-uterine problems– early physical abuse and neglect– rejection from peers– failure at school– difficult relationship with her adoptive mother
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History of the Paradigms:Pre-20th Century
witchcraft
development of the scientific method
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History of the Paradigms:Biological
cure of “general paresis”– different from other forms of lunacy– linked to the STD syphilis – spirochete responsible for syphilis
discovered– penicillin used to treat syphilis– incidence of general paresis virtually
eliminated
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History of the Paradigms:Psychodynamic
Freud’s (1856-1939) psychoanalytic theory
abnormal behaviour the result of unconscious mental events
mind consists of id, ego, and superego
used ideas to treat hysteria
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History of the Paradigms:Cognitive Behavioural
more concerned with treatment than etiology initially, focus on observable behaviour rather than
“mind” Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) → classical conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) → operant conditioning John B. Watson (1878-1958)→ behaviourism
cognition increasingly viewed as an important process in learning
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History of the Paradigms:Humanistic
human nature is inherently good abnormal behaviour is the result of
society not the individual what is the meaning of life? free will vs. determinism more of a philosophy than psychology
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Systems Theory Revisited
Diathesis-stress model– disorders typically have several risk factors– equifinality – multifinality– reciprocal causality
Developmental psychopathology– utilizes developmental norms– allows for prognosis
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Development of Psychopathology
Biological Factors
Psychological Factors
Social Factors
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Biological Factors:Neurons & Neurotransmitters
Neurons– smallest anatomic unit within the nervous system– dendrites →soma →axon →terminals→ synapse
Neurotransmitters– released into the synapse by axon terminals– trigger receptors on dendrites – over or undersupply linked to mental disorder
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Biological Factors: Neural Networks
very complicated in the human brainchange as a function of experienceDonald Hebb (1904-1985)
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Biological Factors:Brain Structures
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrainlimbic systemhypothalamus and thalamus
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Biological Factors:Cerebral Hemispheres
lateralization of functioncoordination of function
– corpus callosum
four ventriclescerebral cortex
– frontal lobe– parietal lobe– temporal lobe– occipital lobe
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Biological Factors:Endocrine System
release hormones into the bloodstream
regulates aspects of normal development
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Biological Factors: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
regulates functions of various organslittle or no conscious control
Two branches:sympatheticparasympathetic
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Biological Factors:Basic Principles of Behaviour Genetics
dominant and recessive genesgenotype vs. phenotypemental disorders, if inherited, are
most likely polygenic
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Biological Factors:Researching Behaviour Genetics
family incidence studies
monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twins
adoption studies
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Nature/Nurture Debate
genes alone do not cause most disorders if crime is “genetic”, where is the “crime”
gene? environment can maximize genetic potential
conclusion: nature and nurture are inseparable influences
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Psychological Factors
1) Basic human motivations and temperament
2) Emotion
3) Learning and cognition
4) Sense of self
5) Development
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1) Basic Human Motivations
Evolutionary Psychology– human psychology has evolved based on the
principles of natural selection and inclusive fitness
Attachment Theory– disorders rooted in insecure or anxious
attachments
Temperament– individual differences rated on “Big Five”
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2) Emotion
six basic emotions:– love– joy– surprise – anger– sadness – fear
controlled by subcortical brain structures
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3) Learning and Cognition
Modeling– Albert Bandura (1925-)– behaviour by imitating others
Cognition– human brain analogous to a computer– social cognition– attribution errors
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4) Sense of Self
Erikson’s concept of identity– quest to answer, “Who am I?”
George Kelly (1905-1966)– people adhere to various roles throughout life
socialization– learn societal rules and develop self-control
self-efficacy self-esteem and mental health
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5) Development
developmental transitions
Freud’s psychosexual development
Erikson’s psychosocial development
Jean Piaget and cognitive development
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Social Factors
Labeling Theory– abnormal behaviour the product of social
expectations– self-fulfilling prophesy
Relationships– marital status– social support a protective factor
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Social Factors
Gender rolesPrejudice and poverty
– First Nations people living in cities are more than twice as likely to live in poverty (Lee, 2000)
– suffer substance abuse, family violence, risk for suicide
Societal values