Attitudes & Ageism and how language across the life span is interwoven with both.
Chapter 2: Attitudes & Ageism and how language is interwoven with both.
-
Upload
shanon-obrien -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 2: Attitudes & Ageism and how language is interwoven with both.
Chapter 2 Attitudes amp Ageism
and how language is interwoven with both
Attitudes 3 components behavioral cognitive
affective These components color
how young people feel toward old people how people feel and think about the aging
process
how people behave as they grow older
Concerns young people have
For better or for worse January 20 2006
Age norms you assign them wersquoll talk
1 Wearing a short skirt and high heels
2 Living alone 3 Getting married 4 Raising children 5 Being considered
sexy 6 Drinking alcohol 7 Driving a sports car 8 Having others make
decisions for you
9 Displaying affection in public
10 Running a marathon 11 Running for US
president 12 Retiring 13 Becoming pregnant 14 Enrolling in a 4 year
college degree program
15 Receiving a heart transplant
Age norms cultural reflections
Ben httpwwwcomicscom
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Attitudes 3 components behavioral cognitive
affective These components color
how young people feel toward old people how people feel and think about the aging
process
how people behave as they grow older
Concerns young people have
For better or for worse January 20 2006
Age norms you assign them wersquoll talk
1 Wearing a short skirt and high heels
2 Living alone 3 Getting married 4 Raising children 5 Being considered
sexy 6 Drinking alcohol 7 Driving a sports car 8 Having others make
decisions for you
9 Displaying affection in public
10 Running a marathon 11 Running for US
president 12 Retiring 13 Becoming pregnant 14 Enrolling in a 4 year
college degree program
15 Receiving a heart transplant
Age norms cultural reflections
Ben httpwwwcomicscom
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Concerns young people have
For better or for worse January 20 2006
Age norms you assign them wersquoll talk
1 Wearing a short skirt and high heels
2 Living alone 3 Getting married 4 Raising children 5 Being considered
sexy 6 Drinking alcohol 7 Driving a sports car 8 Having others make
decisions for you
9 Displaying affection in public
10 Running a marathon 11 Running for US
president 12 Retiring 13 Becoming pregnant 14 Enrolling in a 4 year
college degree program
15 Receiving a heart transplant
Age norms cultural reflections
Ben httpwwwcomicscom
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Age norms you assign them wersquoll talk
1 Wearing a short skirt and high heels
2 Living alone 3 Getting married 4 Raising children 5 Being considered
sexy 6 Drinking alcohol 7 Driving a sports car 8 Having others make
decisions for you
9 Displaying affection in public
10 Running a marathon 11 Running for US
president 12 Retiring 13 Becoming pregnant 14 Enrolling in a 4 year
college degree program
15 Receiving a heart transplant
Age norms cultural reflections
Ben httpwwwcomicscom
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Age norms cultural reflections
Ben httpwwwcomicscom
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Clips from httpwwwbiologydukeeducunninghamVillainshtml
Age normscultural reflections 2
What do these have in common
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Age norms language development
Age 3 ndashtalk about ideas and feelings Age 7 ndash milestones with
abstractions Age 8 ndash milestones jump in
complexity Teen years ndash social and linguistic
complexity
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Psychological state terms by age 3
ldquoAs children approach their third birthday their talk about psychological states changes in several ways Children begin to refer to the causes and consequences of feelings more often and discuss a wider variety of feeling states Brown and Dunn (1991) suggested that these developmental changes in childrenrsquos emotional state language influence their ability to enter into conversations about psychological states Through these conversations children have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mental states motivating human behavior
A second important developmental change that takes place around age 3 is that children begin to make references to cognitive states and to use words such as think and know ldquo
Lee amp Rescorla (2002)The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3 Applied Psycholinguistics 234
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Child language development age 7
Should have mastered the consonants s-z r voiceless th ch wh and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily girl-boy man-woman flies-swims blunt-sharp short-long sweet-sour etc
Understands such terms as alike different beginning end etc
Should be able to tell time to quarter hourShould be able to do simple reading and
to write or print many wordshttpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Child language development age 8
Can relate involved accounts of events many from a time in the past
Should be few lapses in grammar eg pronouns pluralsAll speech sounds including consonant blends
establishedShould read with ease and write simple compositionsSocial amenities should be present in appropriate
situationsControl of rate pitch and volume are wellappropriately
establishedCan carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetitionHas well developed time and number concepts
httpwwwchilddevelopmentinfocomdevelopmentlanguage_developmentshtml
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Advanced language stage over 12
Adolescents essentially communicate in an adult manner with increasing maturity throughout high school Teens comprehend abstract language such as idioms figurative language and metaphors Explanations may become more figurative and less literal Literacy and its relationship to cognition linguistic competency reading writing and listening are the primary focus in this age group Teens should be able to process texts and abstract meaning relate word meanings and contexts understand punctuation and form complex syntactic structures
httpwwwmedemcommedlbmedlib_entrycfm
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Language stage amp identity formation
ldquoItrsquos weird I was so madrdquo Developing Discursive Identity Defenses in Conversational ldquoSmallrdquo Stories of Adolescent
BoysLuke Moissinac amp Michael Bamberg Clark University
Accepted for publication in the Texas Speech Communication Journal Special Issue ldquoNarratives We Live Byrdquo October 2004
Abstract We view identities (and masculinities) as fluid and contextually
sensitive constantly being accommodated to interlocutors through the use of increasingly sophisticated discursive skills especially during adolescence Based on analysis of the interactions of one cohort group of boys observed at the ages of 10 and13 we show how the development of discourse abilities is intertwined with the management of situated identities Specifically our data demonstrate that 10-year-olds mount only rudimentary defenses to threatened identities whereas 13-year olds are able to construct more elaborate devices against identity challenges such as such as hellip concessions externalizations and normalizations
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Sampling advanced language (adapted from Retherford 2004)
Sample the changes Oral and written narrativesHadley (1998) Nippold(1998) Scott amp Stokes (1995)
Semantics 1048723Cohesion Markers (Hallidayamp Hasan 1976) ndash how words are connected within a sequence
lexical cohesion-by selection of vocabulary using semantically close items repetition synonym antonymmetonymy
reference personal (Sharon her) demonstrative comparative
substitution These cookies are stale Buy some fresh ones 1048723Connectives
Quirk et al (1985) Nippold Schwarz amp Undlin(1992) Nippold(1998)
In English cohesion is most simply marked by connectives such as and but or so
httpwwwthinkingpublicationscomLangConf04PosterSessionsPostersessionsPDFsRetherfordpdf
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Semantics of advanced language
How Literate is the Lexicon (Nippold 1998)
Does the speaker producecomprehendNouns for technical and curriculum activities
1048723salutation oppression circumference proton
Verbs to refer to metacognitive activitiesdoubt infer hypothesize conclude assume
Verbs to refer to metalinguistic activities assert concede imply predict interpret confirm
Verbs with presuppositional aspects to their meaningFactitive [truth assumed] know notice forget regret
Nonfactitive[truth is uncertain] think believe figure suppose
Retherford 2004 continued
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
(what is a presupposition)
A presupposition is background belief relating to an utterance that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion denial or question and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance
Identify the presuppositions in Jane regretted that she had stopped buying crystal before she left Ireland
httpwwwsilorglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAPresuppositionhtm
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Social expectations about language
Value judgments about language are socially based
People notice ndash and evaluate ndash ways of talking that are different from their own
They hear words and accents and assign gender age region class and even ethnicity
And attitudes arise
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
When reality intersects with attitude
Female adult voices typically show a pitch that is 75 higher than the malersquos
different vocal cord length amp massMale vocal tract length is 15 longer resulting in different resonance (and greater risk of choking on food)Vocal organs show sexual dimorphismGender is something assigned or constructed
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Gender-cued language and attitudes
Lexical and morphological differencesmorphology in some languages (Japanese)
emotive words color termsStylistic differences claimed go-aheads hedges F+ interruptions direct orders M+Difference or dominance rapport or informational
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Generational differences in lexicon
Pickles January 20 2006
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Preston on linguistic prejudice
A primary linguistic myth one nearly universally attached to minorities rural people and the less well educated extends in the United States even to well-educated speakers of some regional varieties That myth of course is that some varieties of a language are not as good as others
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Preston collected perceptions of lsquocorrectrsquo speech
Mean scores for lsquocorrectrsquo Lowest ratings South and NYC
150 EuroAm both sexes all ages amp classes from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Perceptions of lsquopleasantrsquo speech
Mean scores for pleasant
By Alabamians
Again 1=low
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Just in case you didnrsquot lsquoget itrsquo
Hand-drawn from Michigan
httpwwwpbsorgspeakspeechprejudiceattitudes
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
You try it rate this speaker
Use the rating form provided Transcript goes with the voice clip
Wersquoll listen to it three times
Now I was born in Charlotte in the Presbyterian Hospital And it was downtown on the corner of Mint and Trade Upstairs over the drugstore
And um my father was afraid the doctor who lived down the hill wouldnt get there in time so he took my mother to the hospital on the streetcar -- on a Saturday night and I was born Easter Sunday morning
Easter SundayYeah (laughter)
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3bull Factor 1 About the Tellers Competence including Credibility(Multiple Regression Relationship with Construct of Auditorrsquos Rural--Urban Place of Origin)bull Loading Item Responsebull 67 5 The Teller is friendlybull 67 7 The Teller likes telling storiesbull 62 17 The Teller knows other storiesbull 59 21 I think the Interviewer as a person is politebull 51 28 In everyday life the Teller is politebull 47 23 I believe that people said what the Teller reported them as sayingbull 41 12 The story the teller says is truebull 40 35 The Interviewer likes talking with the Tellerbull 37 8 The Teller likes the Interviewerbull 37 43 The Teller tells stories superblybull 36 33 The Teller knows more than shehe tellsbull 35 38 The Interviewer thinks the Teller tells stories
wellbull 35 40 I know the Tellers story stylebull 32 24 The Interviewer is interested in the Teller
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
(Note Multiple Regression finds a Relationship between Place of Origin and Factor Score 1 when controlling for other demographics which accounts for 12 of the variance
As auditorsrsquo construct of place of origin is more rural they assign greater competence to the Teller)
Item Demographics
Class Place of origin M Educ F Educ [w-lmc-mc-] [country-town-smcity- [gr-hs-some coll- [gr-hs-some coll-
umc-u bigcity suburb-big city] full coll-profess] ull coll-profess]
5 Teller is friendly 01436 00050
7 Teller likes telling stories 00957
12 Tellerrsquos story is true 01357 04700
17 Teller knows other stories 00248 00275
21 Interviewer is polite 00007 04879
24 Interviewer is interested in Teller 04469 00040
28 Teller is polite 00013 02437 04729
43 Teller tells stories well 03421 03422
Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Factors affecting language in aging
Each of these factors can affect language production and cause social withdrawal as people age
hearing and vision impairment slower processing of information mild memory difficulties shrinking network of friends
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
What aging sounds like
Voices are heard as hoarse high pitched breathy tremulous or shaky
Men are heard as hesitant Women are heard as passive
Mulac amp Giles 1996
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Stereotyped projections of elder speech
Tangential ndash speaker wanders off the topic
Vacillating ndash speaker canrsquot make choices Repetitive ndash speaker repeats same
words Too wordy ndash speaker gives too many
details
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Age-biased reactions Ryanrsquos research
avoidance impatiencecontrolling talk baby talk orElderspeak
(simplified speech)
overly familiar talkshouting non-listeningshowing disapprovalcondescensiondismissive
comments
Often we donrsquot realize that we have changed our speech when we talk to an older person
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Overaccomodation
Can be seen as patronizing wrong message
Overaccommodation - such as babytalk Elderspeak or being overly familiar - means we are talking to the stereotype of being old and not to the individual
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Ryan amp Cole 1990)
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
UnderaccommodationFreezing people out sending the wrong
messageWe under-accommodate a speakerrsquos needs
when we show that we are not listening or use dismissive comments condescension or controlling talk We move away from them
Thatrsquos not the message we want to send
(Giles et al 1990)
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
How we change our speech 1
Conversation with adult 54 years old
1 I tended to display my interest by nodding much more instead of interrupting
Conversation with adult 94 years old
1 I was much more likely to interrupt with interjections and clarifying statements
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
How we change our speech 2
With the person aged 54
2 I participated actively with my honest opinions in this dialogue
With the person aged 94
2 I was much more likely to ldquosugar-coatrdquo my opinions andor modify my more ldquomodernrdquo points of view
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
How we change our speech 3
With the person aged 54
3 I spoke more softly and more quickly
With the person aged 94
3 My voice was much louder and I spoke slower than usual
Example from Batson 2003
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
How we change our speech 4
With the person aged 54
4 I was less ldquounnecessarilyrdquo pleasant meaning I didnrsquot use complimentary language unless very appropriate
With the person aged 94
4 I consistently mentioned how nice the individual looked and how I enjoyed talking to himher
Example from Batson 2003
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Age-associated differences in communication expectations
Ryan amp Butler (1996 192) comment that ldquosome distinctions between young and old adults that influence intergenerational relationships arise from historical differences in socializationrdquo
This affects patient-provider roles Haug (1996252) reports less time given to consultations for patients 60 and older and that ldquodoctors may speak more slowly in a louder voice use simplified language and take on a patronizing air blaming older patients but not younger for forgetfulnessrdquo
Special issue Health Communications 83 (1996)
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Healthcare worker interactions
Burda (20058) notes that older people either have little experience with or feel questioning professionals is inappropriate Since many interactions involve tasks (ADL) noncompliance may ensue -- particularly if the older person doesnrsquot understand the healthcare workerrsquos accent
Hmmm Wersquore back attitudes
Burda A amp Hageman C Perception of accented speech by residents in assisted-living facilities J Medical Speech-Language Pathology 13 7-14
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Language issues for new nurses whatrsquos beneath the surface
Smith JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul Volume 6(1)March 200415-16
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Workforce demographics NC
wwwnursencorgresearchTrends2001workforce_demospdf
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Ageism in general
In North America and Europe ldquoOlder adults are often marginalized given low social status and either ignored in the media or portrayed in roles reinforcing negative stereotypes (Nelson 2002)
Unfavorable stereotypes characterize older people as forgetful sick unattractive useless lonely and dependent (Hess amp Blanchard-Fields 1999 Nelson 2002 Palmore 1999)
Trait sorting studies have identified several negative prototypes of older persons such as lsquoshrew-curmudgeonrsquo lsquodespondentrsquo and lsquoseverely impairedrsquo ldquo(Ryan et al 2004 344)
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Jigsaw Ageism news stories httpwwwcsmonitorcom20041018p07s01-woaphtml
Japanese homeless httpnewsbbccouk1hiuk4041713stm Ageism UK httpjmmaaanetauarticles13141htm Australia httpwwwgraypanthersmetrodetroitorgAgeismhtml
Gray Panthers in Chicago httpwwwtrentucanewsviewaginghtml Canada httpnewsbbccouk1hibusiness4411937stm BBC on
US legislation httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news2975754stm
Generation X UK httpwwwsuzannetvshowaspsid=410 Ageism -
boomers httpwwwzwirecomsitenewscfm
newsid=12815371ampBRD=1817ampPAG=461ampdept_id=222087amprfi=6 Ageism - boomers
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Intergenerational communication 3 models
CAT communication accommodation Convergent X divergent strategies
CPA communicative predicament Problematic talk lt negative stereotypes
CEM communication enhancement Tailor speech to individual needs and
thereby reduce stereotypes
Nussbaum J Pitts M Huber F Krieger J Ohs J 2005 Ageism and ageist language across the life span Journal of Social Issues Vol 61 pp 287--305
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Youth X old age in Asia X Canada
Views of the old in the East often resemble the Westrsquos
Expectations about declining personal vitality amp increasing benevolence in old age were found among young and old respondents in the East (Peoplersquos Republic of China Hong Kong Korea Philippines and Thailand) and West (USA Australia New Zealand Harwood et al 1996 2001)
Accepting public norms of filial obligation and honor need not conflict with negative inner beliefs about aging and older people Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about
youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Ryanrsquos cross-cultural work suggests
Educational interventions ndash the CEM model - to improve intergenerational communication between young and old may be more likely to succeed if they target
fostering of positive attitudes toward empathic socially skilled story-telling aspects of communication in later life
rather than the reduction of negative attitudes
Ryan E Jin Y Anas A Luh J (2004 )Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia amp Canada J Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 343ndash360
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
Ageism language and marketing
What are the appealsWhat are the stereotypes
While wersquoll discuss aging and the media later in the semester here we pause to preview some pervasive features of ageism --
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-
- Age normscultural reflections 2
- Auditor perception of discourse F1 of 3
- Additional significant relationships in Factor 1 Evaluating competence of TELLER
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
-