Chapter 2: Antenna & Fundamental Parameters of Radio Antennas...
Transcript of Chapter 2: Antenna & Fundamental Parameters of Radio Antennas...
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EELE 5333
Antenna & Radio
Propagation
Part I:
Antenna Basics
Winter 2020
Re-Prepared by
Dr. Mohammed Taha El Astal
Chapter 2:
Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Session 1
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Acknowledgment
This PPT is prepared based mainly on Dr.Talal Skaik’s PPT, Balanis
Antenna Book, and Dr. Nurul Noordin
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Introduction• To design an antenna... “We need to know what is the desired frequency, gain,
bandwidth, impedance, and polarization?“
• Before we can design an antenna or discuss
antenna types, we must understand the basics of
antennas, which are the fundamental
parameters that characterize an antenna.
• So let us learn something. We'll start with frequency
and step through radiation patterns, directivity and
gain, and so on..
• Let’s get started..
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Overview of what is antenna?
• In wireless communication systems, an RF signal generated by a transmitter is sent into free space and eventually picked up by a receiver.
• The interface between the transmitter and free space and between free space and the receiver is the antenna.
• Antenna is the device for radiating or receiving electromagnetic wave in free space.
• The antenna is the interface between transmission lines and free space.
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Radio Waves
• A radio signal is called an electromagnetic wave because it is made up of both electric and magnetic fields.
• Whenever voltage is applied to the antenna, an electric field is set up. At the same time, this voltage causes current to flow in the antenna, producing a magnetic field.
• The electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to each other.
• These electric and magnetic fields are emitted from the antenna and propagate through space over very long distances at the speed oflight.
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters
Radiation Pattern
Radiation Intensity
Field Regions
Directivity
Antenna Efficiency
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters (2)
Antenna Gain
Beamwidths and Sidelobes
Impedance
Polarization
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Monopole vs Dipole Antennas
• Dipole Figure 2
The monopole and dipole antennas are used for cellular phones, broadcasting and wireless communications due to their omnidirectional property.
• Monopole Figure 1
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Monopole
• Figure 1 depicts monopole antenna with its radiation pattern. It also depicts foldedmonopole antenna. The monopole antenna has image through a metal or groundplane.
• There are variations to monopole antenna which will provide antennas of inverted-Land inverted-F types. These type of monopole antennas are used for hand heldportable telephones.
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Dipole
• Figure 2 depicts dipole antenna with its radiation pattern. It also depictsfolded dipole antenna.
• The most common dipole antenna is a half-wave dipole which is a piece ofwire or rod which is one half wavelength in length.
• The antenna is cut into two quarter wavelength sections. The transmissionline is connected at center point as shown. The dipole antenna has animpedance of about 73 Ohm.
• The radiation pattern of half wave dipole antenna has shape of doughnut.
• For multiple of λ radiation pattern changes as shown in the figure2.
• The max gain of a typical half-wavelength dipole antenna is 2.15dB.
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Half-wave Dipole Antenna
• The half-wave dipole antenna is just a special case of the dipoleantenna.
• Half-wave term means that the length of this dipole antenna isequal to a half-wavelength at the frequency of operation.
• The dipole antenna, is the basis for most antenna designs, is abalanced component, with equal but opposite voltages andcurrents applied at its two terminals through a balancedtransmission line.
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Radiation Patterns, types, representations, lobes, Beamwidth
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Radiation Patterns, & it lobes“a mathematical function or a graphical representation (2D and 3D) of theradiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates.
Various parts of a radiation pattern
are referred to as lobes, which may
be sub classified into major or
main, minor, side, and back lobes.
A major lobe (also called main
beam) is defined as “the radiation
lobe containing the direction of
maximum radiation.”
A minor lobe is any lobe except a
major lobe
3d-field pattern of a directional antenna with maximum radiation in z-direction at θ = 0◦.
Most of the radiation is contained in a main beam (or lobe) accompanied by radiation also
in minor lobes (side and back). Between the lobes are nulls where the field goes to zero.
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Radiation Patterns Types
(a) Field pattern (in linear scale)
typically represents a plot of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic
field as a function of the angular space.
(b) Power pattern (in linear scale)
typically represents a plot of the
square of the magnitude of the
electric or magnetic field as a
function of the angular space.(c) Power pattern (in dB) represents the magnitude of
the electric or magnetic field, in decibels, as a function
of the angular space.
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Normalized Patterns
The half-power level occurs at those angles θ and φ for which
Eθ (θ, φ)n = 1
2= 0.707.
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Patterns in 2D
In practice, 3d- pattern is
measured and recorded in a
series of 2d- patterns.
for most practical
applications, a few plots of the
pattern as a function of 𝜃 for
some particular values of 𝜙,
plus..
a few plots as a function of 𝜙for some particular values of 𝜃,
give most of the useful and
needed information.
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Two-dimensional
(a)field,
(b) power
(c) and decibel plots of the 3-D
antenna pattern shown before.
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Rectangular and polar 2d-pattern representation (linear & dB scale)
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Polar Pattern
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Rectangular/Cartesian Pattern
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Rectangular/Cartesian Pattern
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EELE 5333
Antenna & Radio
Propagation
Part I:
Antenna Basics
Winter 2020
Re-Prepared by
Dr. Mohammed Taha El Astal
Chapter 2:
Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Session 2
![Page 24: Chapter 2: Antenna & Fundamental Parameters of Radio Antennas Propagationsite.iugaza.edu.ps/mtastal/files/EELE5333_ch2_Sess1and2.pdf · 2020. 10. 2. · Chapter Radio 2 - AntennaWaves](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062509/6102df98b4ee0e631309195a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
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Lobes & BeamWidth
a) Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern. (b) Linear plot of powerpattern and its associated lobes and beamwidths.
• The angular beamwidth at the half-
power level or half-power beamwidth
(HPBW) (or −3-dB beamwidth)
and
• nulls the beamwidth between first
(FNBW) are important pattern
parameters.
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The half-power beam width
(HPBW)=40◦ is measured at the
E = 0.707 level.
or at Pn=0.5 (-3dB in dB scale).
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Radiation Properties
Main lobe
Half-power
Beamwidth
HPBW
Side Lobe
Back
lobe
Minor
lobes
First-nulls
Beamwidth
FNBW
Nulls
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Beamwidth and Sidelobes
• A major lobe (also called main beam) is defined as “the radiationlobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.”– the major lobe is pointing in the θ = 0 direction. In some
antennas, such as split-beam antennas, there may exist morethan one major lobe.
• A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe and all the lobes withthe exception of the major can be classified as minor lobes.– Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired directions,
and they should be minimized.• A side lobe is “a radiation lobe in any direction other than the
intended lobe.”– Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the
hemisphere in the direction of the main beam.– Side lobes are normally the largest of the minor lobes.
• A back lobe is “a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle ofapproximately 180◦ with respect to the beam of an antenna.”– Usually it refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in
a direction opposite to that of the major (main) lobe.
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Half-Power Beamwidth
An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ) = cos2 θ for 0◦ ≤ θ ≤ 90◦
Find the half-power beamwidth (HPBW).
E(θ) at half power = 0.707.
Thus 0.707 = cos2 θ
so cos θ =√0.707 and θ = 33◦
HPBW = 2θ = 66◦
Example
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Half-Power Beamwidth and First Null Beamwidth
An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ) = cos θ cos 2θ for 0◦ ≤ θ
≤ 90◦. Find (a) the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) and (b) the
beamwidth between first nulls (FNBW).
Example
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Front-to-Back Ratio
• The direction of maximum radiation is in the horizontal plane is considered to be thefront of the antenna, and the back is the direction 180º from the front
• For a dipole, the front and back have the same radiation, but this is not always the case
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Rectangular/Cartesian Pattern
Beam Efficiency (BE):
>90% for radiometry,
astronomy, radar, etc. total _ power _ tx _ or _ rxBE
tx _ or _ rx _ power _ within _
FNBW
Lobes, nulls, and beamwidths (HPBW and FNBW)
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Patterns in term of Isotropic, directional & Omnidirectional property
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An isotropic radiator:is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation
in all directions.” Although it is ideal and not physically realizable, it
is often taken as a reference for expressing the directive properties of
actual antennas.
An Isotropic radiator
• Power Density: (W/m2)PT
4r 2S
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A directional antenna is one “having the property of radiating or
receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than
in others.
Example:
Directional Antenna
N.B: The radiation patterns areplotted in E-plane and H-plane ofthe antenna.
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Directional Antenna
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An omnidirectional Antenna is defined as
one “having an essentially non-directional
pattern in a given plane and a directional
pattern in any orthogonal plane.”
An omnidirectional pattern is then a special
type of a directional pattern.
An omnidirectional antenna
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What do u think?
Antenna with the following radiation, decide ? Isotropic, directive, and omnidirectional?
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A plot of the radiated field/power as a function of angle.
Radiation Patterns - Example: Half-wave Dipole
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Radiation Patterns - Example: Half-wave Dipole
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Dipole Radiation pattern
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Exam
ple
of
Rad
iati
on
Patt
ern
43
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
Radiation Pattern
• Dipole Antenna with Views of the Corresponding Radiation Pattern
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Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
E-Plane and H-Plane
E-plane H-plane
x
E plane (elevation)
• Electromagnetic field is in vertical plane
• θ= 90°
• 0°<Φ<90°, 270°<Φ<360°z
H plane (azimuth)
• Electromagnetic field is in horizontal plane
• 0° < θ < 180°
• Φ = 0°y
x
![Page 46: Chapter 2: Antenna & Fundamental Parameters of Radio Antennas Propagationsite.iugaza.edu.ps/mtastal/files/EELE5333_ch2_Sess1and2.pdf · 2020. 10. 2. · Chapter Radio 2 - AntennaWaves](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062509/6102df98b4ee0e631309195a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chapter 2 - Antenna Parameters
E-Plane and H-Plane