Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
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Transcript of Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
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Chapter 2
An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
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Models of Approach
OOne-Dimensional ModelsOSingle cause, operating in
isolationO Ignores critical information
OMultidimensional ModelsOSystemicOSeveral independent
inputs that become interdependent
OCauses cannot be considered out of context
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Components of Multidimensional Models
OBiological Factors OBehavioral FactorsOCognitive FactorsOEmotional InfluencesOSocial FactorsODevelopmental FactorsOAll of these interact
interdependently
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Biology: The Influence of Genes
What are genes?◦ Functional sections of
DNA located on chromosomes
How do they influence our risk for psychopathology?◦ Increase or decrease
risk for psychopathology Polygenetic influences
Multiple genes interact
◦ Often interact with environmental factors Example: nutrition and
height
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The Study of Genes and Behavior Quantitative genetics
accounts for the effects of several genes on a phenotype◦ Estimates “heritability,”
but does not involve measuring genes Relies on twin-studies,
mostly
Molecular genetics accounts for the influence of specific genes ◦ Involves measuring
specific genes and determining their specific influence DNA collected via saliva,
blood, or cheek cells
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How Else Do Genes Contribute to Psychopathology?
Diathesis-Stress model:◦ Diathesis:
Inherited tendency to express traits/behaviors Usually genetic
◦ Stress: Life events or contextual variables Environmental
◦ Effects of stress (environment) on psychopathology depend on one’s diathesis (genes) Genes can make a person more or less susceptible to negative effects of environment
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The Diathesis-Stress Model: Illustration
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How Else Do Genes Contribute to Psychopathology?
Epigenetics: Environments affect gene expressionOActivation of dormant genesOhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Fj4d-9Jgl6g
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Biology: Neuroscience and Psychopathology
OThe Field of NeuroscienceOThe role of the nervous system in
disease and behavior
OHuman Nervous System (2 Branches)OCNS
OBrain and spinal cordOPNS
OSomatic and autonomic branches
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Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure
OTwo main parts:OBrain stem – basic functionsOForebrain –higher cognition
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Divisions of the Brain StemOHindbrain
OMedulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
OPons – Regulates sleep stagesOCerebellum –physical coordination
OMidbrainOCoordinates movement with sensory
inputOContains parts of the reticular
activating system (RAS)
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Brain Stem and Forebrain Connections
O Thalamus and hypothalamusO Relays between brain stem and forebrainO Behavioral and emotional regulation
O Limbic systemO Emotions, basic drives, impulse controlO Strong links with psychopathology
O Basal gangliaO Motor activity
O http://www.g2conline.org/?gclid=CIa4pvrL47YCFQNlMgodOG0ACw
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Divisions of the Forebrain
OForebrain (Cerebral Cortex)OMost sensory, emotional, and
cognitive processing
OTwo specialized hemispheresOLeft – verbal, math, logicORight – perceptual
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Neuroscience and the Brain Structure
O Lobes of the Cerebral CortexO Frontal
OThinking and reasoning abilities, memory
O Temporal OSight and sound recognition, long-term
memory storage
O Parietal OTouch recognition
O Occipital OIntegrates visual input
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Major Structures of the Brain
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Neuroscience: The Peripheral Nervous System
OPNS - SomaticOVoluntary muscles and movement
OPNS - AutonomicOSympathetic (activating)
OE.g., increase heart rateOParasympathetic (normalizing)
OE.g., decrease heart rateOBoth divisions regulate:
OCardiovascular system/body temperature
OEndocrine system/digestion
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Neuroscience: The Peripheral Nervous System
O The Endocrine System O Hormones
O The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HPA axis)O Integration of endocrine
and nervous system
O Involved in stress response e.g., fight or flight
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Neurons The Neuron (aka nerve cells)- basic
building block of nervous system◦ Soma◦ Dendrites ◦ Axon◦ Axon terminals◦ Synaptic cleft
Function: Electrical Communication: Chemical
◦ Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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O Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABA – inhibitoryO Implicated in anxiety and its treatment
OBenzodiazepines are tranquilizers that act as GABA agonists.OAgonist vs. antagonist.
Ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pfG6yHAQ5U
O NorepinephrineO Respiration, reactions, alarm responseO Implicated in panic
Neurotransmitters
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OSerotoninORegulates behavior, moods, thought
processesO Implicated in depression and many
other forms of psychopathology
ODopamineO Implicated in schizophreniaOAlso associated with reward
processing and impulsivity
Neurotransmitters
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Medication Effects on Serotonin
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Neuroscience and Psychopathology
OPsychosocial influences on the brainOPsychotherapy and functional
normalization in OCD
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Cognitive ApproachesOcognitive approaches: identification
and modification of maladaptive thoughts• Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy)• Albert Ellis (rational emotive behavior
therapy)
Situation
Emotions
Thoughts
Behavior
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OLearned helplessness (Seligman)O Implicated in depression and anxietyORelates to one’s belief that they are
not in control
Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences