Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems Section A Airplanes.
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Transcript of Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems Section A Airplanes.
![Page 1: Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems Section A Airplanes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e5f5503460f94b59f46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems
Section A
Airplanes
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Major parts of an airplane
Fuselage Wing Landing Gear Empennage Powerplant
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Fuselage
Open or enclosed truss– Materials used
Stressed skin structure– Monocoque– Semi-monocoque
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Monoplanes Biplanes
Ailerons Flaps
Wings
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Empennage
Vertical stabilizer– Rudder
Horizontal stabilizer– Elevator
Stabilator
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Trim devices
Trim tabs Anti-servo tab
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Landing gear
Main wheels
Third wheel– Tailwheel
Conventional gear
– NosewheelTricycle gear
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Landing gear
Fixed gear Retractable gear
Seaplanes– Floats– Amphibians
Landing gear struts– Spring steel, bungee cord, oleo
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Brakes
Toe brakes on rudder pedals– Equal or differential braking– Steering
Parking brake
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Powerplant
Engine Propeller
Firewall Cowling
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Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)
Pilots Information Manual (PIM)
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Contents of POH, AFM, PIM
General Limitations
– Where else can these be found?
Emergency procedures– Abnormal procedures
Normal procedures Performance
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Contents of POH, AFM, PIM
Weight and balance Airplane and systems description Handling, service and maintenance Supplements Safety and operational tips
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Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems
Section B
The Powerplant and Related Systems
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Powerplant – Reciprocating
RadialHorizontally opposed
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Powerplant – turbine
TurbojetTurboprop
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Reciprocating Engines
Pistons Crankshaft Connecting rods Valves
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Four-stroke operating cycle
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
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Similar for turbine
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Induction systems
Air + fuel sent for combustion
Intake port – filter and alternate
Controls– Throttle– Mixture
– Propeller control
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Carburetor
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Leaning the mixture
Higher altitudes – air less dense
Mixture control in full rich position creates excessively rich mixture
Reduce amount of fuel by leaning so fuel-to-air ratio remains constant
Remember to enrich mixture when descending
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Carburetor ice
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Indications of Carburetor Ice
Fixed pitch propeller – loss of R.P.M.
Constant speed propeller – loss of manifold pressure
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Carburetor heat
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Indications when Carb heat is used
Initially – drop in R.P.M. (hot air is less dense)
Followed by gradual increase in R.P.M. as ice melts
For constant speed prop – indications are reflected in manifold pressure
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Fuel injection systems
Less susceptible to icing More precise Use less fuel More horsepower
More expensive Sensitive to contaminants More complex starting procedures – esp. when
engine is hot
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Fuel injection system
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Supercharging - Turbocharging
Increases power of engine Sea level performance at higher altitudes Supercharger – engine driven compressor Turbocharger – compressor driven by exhaust Usually fuel injected More finicky
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Turbocharger
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Ignition
Two magnetos Spark plugs Wires Ignition switch
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Ignition
Two magnetos Two spark plugs in each cylinder
Redundancy = safety Better combustion of fuel/air mixture
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Ignition switch
Off R L Both Start
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Abnormal combustion
Detonation – explosion instead of smooth burning of fuel– Engine overheat– Improper grade of fuel
Preignition– Fuel/air mixture ignites before normal timed ignition– Residual hot spot
Engine roughness
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Fuel system
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Fuel system
Tanks Fuel quantity gauges Fuel selector valve Fuel strainer
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Refuelling
Ground wire Fuel grade – color coded Refill after last flight of day – reduces
condensation
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Oil systems
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Cooling systems
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High engine temps
Loss of power High oil consumption Possible engine damage Reduce temps
– Enrich the mixture– Reduce rate of climb– Increase airspeed– Reduce power
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Engine cooling
Cooling least effective– Takeoff– Go-around– Low airspeed/high power
Cowl flaps Cylinder head temperature gauge
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Exhaust system
Vent burned gases overboard
Heats cabin
Defrost windscreen
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Propellers
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Types of propellers
Climb props Cruise props Fixed-pitch props Constant-speed props
– Propeller control – r.p.m.
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Propellers
Hazards
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Electrical systems
Alternator Battery Ammeter Master
switch Circuit
breakers