Foundations of Economics Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 5 Section 2.
Chapter 2
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Transcript of Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
Ancient Egypt
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Between 6000 & 5000 BC humans began to settle along the banks of a river called the Nile. These settlers would begin a civilization called Egypt.
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The Nile River – the longest in the world – sheltered Egypt with a delta to the North & cataracts to the south. Deserts like the Sahara also provide Egypt with barriers.
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The Nile River often flooded, but the Egyptians used clever irrigation and farming skills to strengthen their growing civilization.
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The Egyptians grew smart. They made papyrus paper and developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics that provides us with a record of their deeds.
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At first, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms in the North & South. A king named Narmer would unite the land, and ruled it all from a city called Memphis.
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Narmer’s kingdom continued after his death within his family. This created in Egypt its first dynasty, and established the Pharaohs.
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Pharaohs were Egyptian kings. Egyptians believed Pharaohs were owed the greatest respect because they were related to the Gods.
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Egyptians worshiped many deities. A sun God named Re led the polytheist religion, but there were many other Gods.
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Egyptians believed that a God named Hapi ruled over the Nile River. Gods named Isis and Osirus ruled over the dead.
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Egyptians believed in life after death. Important people – like the Pharaoh – would have their bodies embalmed in preparation for the afterlife.
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No ordinary tomb would do for a Pharaoh. Instead, the Egyptians built giant stone pyramids as their resting place.
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The largest pyramid still stands in Egypt. The Great pyramid of Giza was built for King Khufu, and is the size of a 48-story building.
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After a period of confusion & battle, the Pharaohs lost control of Egypt. When order was restored a new era of prosperity began called the “Middle Kingdom.”
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Egyptian armies conquered the lands of their neighbors. Those they defeated were forced to pay tributes that made Egypt wealthy.
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With the fortunes they acquired, the Pharaohs built waterways, dams, & canals. Egyptian art blossomed, and the civilization enjoyed years of peace.
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The peace would end when a warrior-civilization called the Hyksos conquered Egypt, and ruled for 150 years. Egypt needed a savior.
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Around 1550 BC a prince named Ahmose led an uprising that drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. His reign began a “New Kingdom” in Egypt.
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During the New Kingdom Egypt reached its height of glory. They conquered civilizations as far away as Mesopotamia.
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Rulers like Thutmose III and even Queen Hatshepsut expanded Egypt’s empire and built many monuments to their power.
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A ruler named Akhenaton and his Queen Nefertiti tried to re-organize Egypt’s religion to a monotheist one. Many people refused, which began to weaken the empire.
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Akhenaton’s successor was a boy Pharaoh named Tutankhamen. He died young, but is remembered today for the treasures found in his tomb.
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A British archaeologist named Howard Carter found the tomb in AD 1922. The discovery captured people’s imaginations.
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During the 1200s BC, a Pharaoh named Ramses II began a 66-year reign that brought Egypt greater glory.
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Ramses II ordered many temples to be built – including the famous Sphinx. When Ramses II died, Egypt’s power finally began to fade.
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Neighboring countries slipped out of Egyptian control using advanced weapons in battle. In about 750 BC a group of people called the “Kush” conquered the kingdom.
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The Kush, who lived South of Egypt, had adopted many Egyptian ways. They were Nubians who were great warriors that grew wealthy from trade.
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The Kush did not get to enjoy the empire for very long. A civilization called the Assyrians used advanced iron weapons of their own to conquer Egypt’s former lands.