When Worlds Collide`CHAPTER 2

1. The New Merchant Class/ New Monarchie2. The Renaissance

3. Portuguese Explorations4. Columbus Reaches the Americas5. The Spanish New World Empire

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE

14th/15th Centuries- Commerce greatly

expanded, especially in cereals, timber,

minerals, salt, fish, wool.

It led to the growth of new markets and

towns.

European monarchs supported merchants & in return gave out royal

contracts & trading monopolies.

This relationship supported overseas

expansion and trade.

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE

THE RENAISSANCE

Merchants outfitted the Crusaders, helped finance religious war in Palestine and introduced Europe to new

spices and technical innovations. Ex: spices such as cloves, pepper, nutmeg and cinnamon, compass,

gunpowder and the printing press.

The Renaissance is a period of intellectual and artistic flowering in Europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th

centuries. There were advancements made in sculpture, art, painting, architecture, science and math. Europeans also began questioning authority, especially the church.

THE RENAISSANCE

Portugal was the leader of sea exploration

PORTUGUESE EXPLORATIONS

Prince Henry of Portugal, also known as the Navigator, financed and promoted the idea of exploring distant lands. His accomplishments

included:a. Sagres Point- He established a school for seamen,

geographers, cartographers.b. The invention of the caravel

c. He improved shipping instrumentsd. He helped establish trading bases along Africa’s

Western Gold Coast. The trade posts eventually led to the beginning of the African slave trade.

PORTUGUESE EXPLORATIONS

COLUMBUS REACHED THE AMERICAS

Caribbean

Columbus’s goal was to find a shortcut to India to

establish new trade routes. He won the royal backing of Queen Isabel

and King Ferdinand. Who were competing with

Portugal for lands, riches and prestige.

The Enterprise of the Indies Christopher Columbus

The Caribbean

COLUMBUS REACHES THE AMERICAS

Foods were exchanged Native populations were wiped out

THE CARIBBEAN

Columbus sought to occupy and settle lands for Spain that were not colonized by

other monarchs.Columbus landed on

Hispaniola in the Caribbean and was motivated by the new spices and gold he found throughout the

islands.

Columbus led a bigger expedition back to

colonize the islands and bring back gold & slaves.

Unfortunateyt, due to disease, warfare and demoralization, the

Tainos native population died off.

1492 1493

COLUMBUS REACHES THE AMERICAS

South America Native Art

THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS

A system of Oppression and Destruction

A. Caste SystemB. The Destruction of the Indies

C. Intercontinental ExchangeD. First Europeans in North America

E. The Spanish New World

THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS

THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS

Hernan Cortes

Caste System- A small number of Spanish and their offspring ruled the labor and lives of native

people, who were forced to serve them

(Spanish)

Destruction of the Indies- 90% of the

native population was reduced by: warfare,

low birth rates, famine and diseases.

THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS

Precious metalsNew crops-maize,

potatoesTobacco

ChocolateSugarRice

Livestock- horsesGrazing animals

New to Old Old to New

INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE

16th Century- 250,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish, living in the Americans. 125,000 Africans already

enslaved.Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494 agreement that

divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal.Europeans often married native women which

created a very mixed society.Council of the Indies- A governing body of

advisors to the Spanish King who made the laws for the Empire.

THE SPANISH NEW WORLD EMPIRE

Fish and Furs

THE FRENCH IN THE NEW WORLD

In what ways did colonial contact in the Northeast differ from contacts in Mexico and the Caribbean?

The relationship between the French and the natives was based on commerce and not conquest. The French wanted furs and fish not land, slaves

or natural resources.

THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA

The Fur TradeFur traders were

critical to New France’s success.

Indians were active participants.

In the early 17th century, the French

attempted to monopolize the trade.

THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA

Due to an growing population in Europe and depleting food source, the prices of furs skyrocketed. There was a

great demand for furs, especially beaver.Most French in the colonies lived near the Great Lakes

and the upper regions of the US (today) and Canada. The climate and soil was not conducive to farming or slaves.

Eventually, warfare broke out over hunting grounds. 17th century- the French had a monopoly of the fur trade

and had set up trade posts and villages along the St. Lawrence River.

Fur trade was clearly in favor of the French.

FISH AND FURS

Protestant Reformation- Revolt against the Catholic

Church led by Martin Luther.

French protestors were called Huguenots and tried

to overthrow the French king. When they failed,

they were forced to leave and settled in the Americas

(near South Carolina.)

PROTESTANT REFORMATION & THE HUGUENOTS

Threatened the Spanish who had control of

Florida and the region. Attacked by the

Spanish and caused the Spanish to build St. Augustine, a fort in

Jacksonville.

THE HUGUENOTS

However, the spirit of the Huguenots and the success of the fur traders and fishermen urged

more French to settle the Americas.Today, Quebec is still a predomenately French

province.

FISH AND FURS