chapter 2
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Transcript of chapter 2
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Biopsychology
the study of the biological basis of behavior
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Some definitions some biological psychologists call
themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists
Nervous System - the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral
and central nervous systems
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Nervous system
Central Nervous system - CNS ; brain and spinal chord(SC)
Peripheral Nervous system - PNS - Other parts of nervous system; nerves, support cells
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PNS
Somatic System - SNS; Links SC to Body and sense organs / Voluntary muscles
Autonomic System - ANS; Links SC to internal organs and glands / involuntary muscles
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ANS
Sympathetic System - arouses the body; emergency stress response; fight or flight
Parasympathetic System - Quiets the body; helps restore the body to rest.
1. The peripheral nervous system consists of:
A. asso
ciati...
B. th
e spina...
C. th
e retic..
.
D.
senso
ry a...
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1. A. association areas.
2. B. the spinal cord.
3. C. the reticular formation.
4. D. sensory and motor neurons.
2. As Allison reaches for a box in her garage, out jumps a big spider. Her heart immediately begins to race as she withdraws her hand, but soon she realizes that the spider is harmless, and she begins to calm down. Which part of her nervous system is responsible for bringing her back to a normal state of arousal?
A. sy
mpathet..
.
B. so
matic n...
C. parasy
mpa...
D.
skeletal
...
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1. A. sympathetic nervous system
2. B. somatic nervous system
3. C. parasympathetic nervous system
4. D. skeletal nervous system
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Neuron Structure
Cytoplasm Nucleus ~ Metabolism; Contains genetic material Membrane ~ semipermiable lipid w proteins
– Channel Proteins - allow passage of materials– Signal proteins - signal something is ready to enter
Golgi Apparatus ~ packages things for cell; e.g.. Neurotransmitters
Mitochondria ~ makes energy for cell
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Neuron Structure
Soma - Main body of cell Dendrites - receive information from the
environment and other cells Axon - Fiber that carries information away from the
soma
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Neuron Structure
Myelin sheath - fatty insulation around axon that speeds transmission of information
Axon terminals - Branching fibers at the end of axons that contain Neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters - Chemicals that send messages between Neurons
What is the longest part of a multipolar motor neuron?
A. Soma
B. Dendrit
es
C. Axo
n
D.
Mye
lin Sh
eathe
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1. A. Soma
2. B. Dendrites
3. C. Axon
4. D. Myelin Sheathe
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Neural transmission
A neuron acts as both a battery and a wire sending an electrical impulse down the axon from the soma to the terminals
This is possible due to complex proteins in the membrane
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Nerve impulse Resting Potential - The electrical charge of a
neuron at rest Ions - an electrically charged molecule;
e.g.. Sodium (Na+) , Chloride (Cl-)
Threshold - the point at which a nerve impulse if fired
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Nerve impulse
Ion Channels - Channels through the axon membrane through which ions travel
Action potential - the nerve impulse
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Cell body end of axon
Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals
Action potential
All or nothing event. If threshold is reached the channels open , if not it does not happen
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Action potential
3. Jack accidentally touches a hot stove. Such a strong stimulus:
A. incre
ases..
.
B. Incre
ases..
.
C. Create
s a...
D.
Has no bo...
25% 25%25%25%1. A. increases the intensity of a
neuron’s action potential.
2. B. Increases the frequency of action potentials.
3. C. Creates a half strength action potential.
4. D. Has no bodily effect
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Interneural communication
Synapse - The microscopic space between two neurons
Neurotransmitters - (NT) chemical released by a neuron, alters activity in another neuron
Receptor sites - area on surface of cell that is sensitive to neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter molecule
Receiving cellmembrane
Receptor site onreceiving neuron
Agonist mimicsneurotransmitter
Antagonistblocksneurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter/ReceptorLock and key
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Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies brakes on neurotransmitter action.
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How Neurotransmitters Influence Us?
Serotonin pathways are involved with
mood regulation.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
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Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases like
schizophrenia and Parkinson’s
disease.From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
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Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] a neurotransmitter that, among its
functions, triggers muscle contraction Endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
“morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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Reflex Arc
Sensory Neuron - carries sensory info to CNS Connector Neuron - links two others Motor Neuron - caries motor commands from CNS
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Reflex Arc
Acetylcholine - NT released to activate muscles effector cells - cells in muscles and glands capable
of making a response
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Phineas GageDownload and watch phineas gage.wmv
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Anatomy of the Brain Subcortex-structures
below the cerebral cortex
Hindbrain-brainstem, subconscious activities; HR, breath
Medulla- vital life functions, cranial nerves start here
Cerebellum- posture and co-ordination
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Anatomy of the Brain Reticular formation-
attention, alertness Reticular activating
system- bombards the cortex to keep it active and alert
Midbrain-area that links the forebrain and hindbrain; RAS, substantia nigra (DA)
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Anatomy of the Brain Forebrain- Highest
brain areas; thalamus hypothalamus, cortex, corpus collosum
Thalamus- “relay center” all sensory info (ex smell) to cortex
Hypothalamus- regulates motivation and emotions
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Anatomy of the Brain Limbic system-
system in forebrain, liked with emotional response
Hippocampus- Memory
Amygdala- anger, aggression
4. After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. It is most probable that she has suffered damage to her:
A. amygd
ala.
B. angular g
...
C. ce
rebellu
...
D.
corp
us ca...
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1. A. amygdala.
2. B. angular gyrus.
3. C. cerebellum.
4. D. corpus callosum.
5. A new superhero emerges on the scene. This superhero is able to stay awake and vigilant for extended amounts of time. He helps the intelligence community by being able to stay in surveillance for extended amounts of time without losing concentration and can always be paying attention to what is happening. A study of this superhero’s brain might show that the ____________ is more advanced and developed than a non-superhero’s.
A. fro
ntal l.
..
B. amyg
dala
C. re
ticular..
.
D.
occipita
l...
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1. A. frontal lobe
2. B. amygdala
3. C. reticular formation
4. D. occipital lobe
6. If Dr. Barnes wanted to cause a cat to take on an attack posture, which of the cat’s brain structures should he electrically stimulate?
A. amygd
ala
B. hypoth
ala...
C. hippoca
mp...
D.
cerebellu
...
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1. A. amygdala
2. B. hypothalamus
3. C. hippocampus
4. D. cerebellum
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Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe - move, smell, higher mental functions Parietal lobe - spatial perceptual skills, sensation Temporal lobe - auditory , emotional experience Occipital lobe - Vision
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The Cerebral Cortex Motor Cortex
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Sensory Cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that
registers and processes body sensations
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Two hemispheres
Cerebral hemispheres - right and left halves of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum - bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres
7. You are a neurologist in a large hospital. The wife of a construction worker visits you and describes that her husband has experienced a serious injury to his frontal lobe. She is perplexed by his behavior. Which of the following would you tell her is “normal behavior” for a person with frontal lobe damage?
A. not m
uch ...
B. poor ju
dg...
C. irr
itabil..
.
D.
ALL of t
h...
25% 25%25%25%1. A. not much decline in memory or
intelligence
2. B. poor judgment
3. C. irritability and other personality changes
4. D. ALL of these are commonly seen in frontal lobe damage
8. Which of the following activities is NOT primarily a function of the left hemisphere?
A. lis
tening...
B. reading y.
..
C. re
ading j...
D.
liste
ning...
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1. A. listening to a piano concerto
2. B. reading your psychology book
3. C. reading junk mail
4. D. listening to a poetry reading
9. A split-brain patient’s right hemisphere is presented with a key. How is he most likely to respond?
A. sa
y the w
...
B. se
lect a ...
C. se
lect a .
..
D.
he will
n...
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1. A. say the word “key”
2. B. select a key from a group of objects presented to his left hand
3. C. select a key from a group of objects presented to his right hand
4. D. he will not be able to say “key” or to pick out a key from a group of objects with either hand
The Endocrine System
Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”
chemical communication
system. Communication is
carried out by hormones
synthesized by a set of glands.
Hormones
Hormones are chemicals, synthesized by the endocrine glands, are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain
many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood
sugar and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.
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Researching The Brain
Lesion tissue
destruction a brain lesion is
a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
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Clinical Observation
Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain
disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now
being catalogued.
Tom L
anders/ Boston G
lobe
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
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CT (computed tomography) Scan a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles
and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan
PET (positron emission tomography) Scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a
radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
Researching The Brain
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PET Scan
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MRI Scan
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Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces
10. Which technique is most useful for seeing which regions of the brain are most active while a person reads a poem?
A. EEG
B. fM
RI
C. EKG
D.
CAT
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1. A. EEG
2. B. fMRI
3. C. EKG
4. D. CAT