Chapter 2

Chapter 2: The Constitution of

the United States of America

A More Perfect Union 1/e

The Constitution

• What Is a Constitution?

– Mission description

– Foundational structures

– Essential processes

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

The Constitution

• The Constitution of the United States

– Mission of the Constitution

• By and for the people

• Democratic

• Protection of liberties, property, citizen participation

• Establish the rule of law


The Constitution


– Key Foundational Structures: Separation of

Powers with Integrated Checks and Balances

• Article I: The Legislative Branch

• Article II: The Executive Branch

• Article III: The Judicial Branch


(continued)

The Constitution


– Another Key Structure: The Federal System

– Essential Processes of the National

Government

• Selection of National Government Officials

• Article V: The Amendment Process

• Article VII: The Constitutional Ratification Process


(continued)

The Constitution

• The Creation of the United States

– Colonization and Governance of America

– British Policy Incites a Rebellion

• A “Massacre” and a Tea Party

• The Continental Congress and Colonial Demands

– The Common Sense of Declaring

Independence


The Constitution

• The Creation of the United States

– The State Constitutions

– The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

• Structure and Authority of the Confederation

• Weaknesses of the Confederation


(continued)

The Constitution

• Crafting the Constitution: Compromise,

Ratification, and Quick Amendment

– Conflict and Compromise over Representative

Democracy

• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans and the

Connecticut Compromise

• The Constitution’s checks on representative

democracy


The Constitution

• Crafting the Constitution: Compromise,

Ratification, and Quick Amendment

– Conflict and Compromise over Slavery

– The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Debate– The Federalist Papers: In Support of a Strong National

Government

– The Anti-Federalist Response: In Opposition to a Strong

Central Government


(continued)

The Constitution

• The Constitution as a Living, Evolving

Document

– Formal Amendment of the Constitution

– Interpretation by the U.S. Supreme Court


© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter TwoChapter Two

The Structure of GovernmentThe Structure of Government


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--11 California GovernmentsCalifornia Governments

State 1

Counties 58

Cities 478

Redevelopment agencies 408

Special districts 4,763

K-12 school districts 998

Community college districts

72

Total 6,778

American Indian tribes 95


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--22

Federal and Federal and

Unitary Unitary

Governmental Governmental

RelationshipsRelationships

Sources: Uncle Sam © Swim Ink 2, LLC/Corbis.

California Flag © Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit.


Which level of government Which level of government ——

federal, state, or local federal, state, or local ——

should have most responsibility for:should have most responsibility for:

�� Improving public education?Improving public education?

�� Reducing crime?Reducing crime?

�� Providing job training?Providing job training?

�� Assisting the poor?Assisting the poor?

�� Improving the health care system?Improving the health care system?

�� Protecting the environment?Protecting the environment?

�� Strengthening the economy?Strengthening the economy?

�� Protecting civil rights?Protecting civil rights?


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--33California State Government Bureaucracy


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--44 California Governors Since 1943California Governors Since 1943

Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger (R)(R) 20032003--

Gray Davis (D)Gray Davis (D) 19991999--20032003

Pete Wilson Pete Wilson (R)(R) 19911991--19991999

George George DeukemejianDeukemejian (R)(R) 19831983--19911991

Edmund G. Edmund G. ““JerryJerry”” Brown (D)Brown (D) 19751975--19831983

Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan (R)(R) 19671967--19751975

Edmund G. Edmund G. ““PatPat”” Brown (D)Brown (D) 19591959--19671967

Goodwin Knight Goodwin Knight (R)(R) 19531953--19591959

Earl Warren Earl Warren (R)(R) 19431943--19531953


WhoWho’’s Who?s Who?

CaliforniaCalifornia’’s Plural Executives Plural Executive


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--55 CaliforniaCalifornia’’s s Plural ExecutivePlural Executive

OfficeOffice Duties & salary Duties & salary ��Incumbent (Party)Incumbent (Party)

(elected 2006)(elected 2006)

GovernorGovernorChief executive officer Chief executive officer

of the state. $206,500of the state. $206,500Arnold Arnold

Schwarzenegger (R)Schwarzenegger (R) 2,32,3

Lieutenant Lieutenant

GovernorGovernor

Minor duties. Becomes Minor duties. Becomes

chief executive if the chief executive if the

governorgovernor’’s office is s office is

vacated. $154,875vacated. $154,875

John Garamendi (D)John Garamendi (D) 11

Attorney GeneralAttorney GeneralChief law enforcement Chief law enforcement

officer of the state. officer of the state.

$175,525$175,525Jerry Brown (D)Jerry Brown (D) 11

�� Salary as of 2007Salary as of 200711 First termFirst term 22 Second termSecond term33 Gov. Schwarzenegger has waived receipt of his salary.Gov. Schwarzenegger has waived receipt of his salary.


Exhibit 2Exhibit 2--55 CaliforniaCalifornia’’s s ““Plural ExecutivePlural Executive””



Secretary of Secretary of

StateStateSupervises state Supervises state

elections. $154,875elections. $154,875Debra Bowen (D) Debra Bowen (D) 11

ControllerSupervises receipts and disbursements of public funds. $165,200

John Chiang (D) 1

TreasurerState’s lead asset manager, banker and financier. $165,200

Bill Lockyer (D) 1

��Salary as of 2007 Salary as of 2007 11 First termFirst term 22 Second termSecond term





Insurance Commissioner

Supervises the regulation of the insurance industry.$165,200

Steve Poizner (R) 1

Superintendent of Public Instruction

General oversight of K-12 schools, teacher certification, & student testing.$175,525

Jack T. O’Connell † 2

�� Salary as of 2007Salary as of 200711 First termFirst term 22 Second termSecond term

†† This is a nonpartisan officeThis is a nonpartisan office..





State Board of State Board of

EqualizationEqualization

Assures that county Assures that county

property tax property tax

assessment practices assessment practices

are equal and uniform are equal and uniform

throughout the state. throughout the state.

Also responsible for Also responsible for

collecting sales, collecting sales,

cigarette, gasoline, cigarette, gasoline,

alcohol beverage, and alcohol beverage, and

other taxes.other taxes.

$154,875$154,875

Betty T. Yee, 1Betty T. Yee, 1stst (D)(D) 11

Bill Leonard, 2Bill Leonard, 2ndnd (R)(R) 22

Michelle Steel, 3Michelle Steel, 3rdrd (R)(R) 11

Judy May Chu, 4Judy May Chu, 4thth (D)(D) 11

The State Controller is The State Controller is

the ex officio fifth the ex officio fifth

member of the Boardmember of the Board

�� Salary as of 2007Salary as of 200711 First termFirst term 22 Second termSecond term

1

2

34



California California

LegislatureLegislature

AssemblyAssembly SenateSenate

SizeSize 80 members80 members 40 members40 members

Term of Term of

officeoffice2 years2 years 4 years4 years

Term Term

limitlimit

3 terms 3 terms (maximum 6 (maximum 6

years)years)

2 terms 2 terms (maximum 8 (maximum 8

years)years)

Presiding Presiding

officerofficer

Speaker Speaker

of the of the

AssemblyAssembly

Lieutenant Lieutenant

GovernorGovernor��

SalarySalary $113,098$113,098�� $113,098$113,098��

�� In practice, tIn practice, the president pro tempore is the leader and most powerful member he president pro tempore is the leader and most powerful member of the senate. Elected by all of the senate. Elected by all

senators at the beginning of each twosenators at the beginning of each two--year session, the president pro temyear session, the president pro tem chairs the senate Rules Committee and chairs the senate Rules Committee and

presides over the senate in the absence of the lieutenant governpresides over the senate in the absence of the lieutenant governor.or.

�� Salary as of 2007 (set by the California Citizens Compensation Salary as of 2007 (set by the California Citizens Compensation Commission). Commission). The speaker of the assembly, The speaker of the assembly,

senate president pro tempore, and the minority floor leaders of senate president pro tempore, and the minority floor leaders of each house each receive $130,062 per year. The each house each receive $130,062 per year. The

majority floor leaders of each house and the secondmajority floor leaders of each house and the second--ranking minority leaders each receive $121,580. Each ranking minority leaders each receive $121,580. Each

legislator also receives a daily allowance of $162 while the leglegislator also receives a daily allowance of $162 while the legislature is in session.islature is in session.


Political Makeup of the Political Makeup of the

California LegislatureCalifornia Legislature

AssemblyAssembly SenateSenate

2525 1515

4848 3232

DemocratsDemocrats

RepublicansRepublicans


Political Makeup of CaliforniaPolitical Makeup of California’’s s

Congressional Delegation in the Congressional Delegation in the

U.S. House of RepresentativesU.S. House of Representatives

DemocratsDemocrats

RepublicansRepublicans

3434 1919


1 Patty Berg 31 Juan Arambula 61 Nell Soto

2 Doug La Malfa 32 Jean Fuller 62 Wilma D. Carter

3 Rick Keene 33 Sam Blakeslee 63 Bill Emmerson

4 Ted Gaines 34 Bill Maze 64 John J. Benoit

5 Roger Niello 35 Pedro Nava 65 Paul J. Cook

6 Jared W. Huffman 36 Sharon Runner 66 Kevin D. Jeffries

7 Noreen Evans 37 Audra Strickland 67 Jim Silva

8 Lois Wolk 38 Cameron Smyth 68 Van Tran

9 Dave Jones 39 Richard Alarcon 69 Jose Solorio

10 Alan Nakanishi 40 Lloyd E. Levine 70 Charles S. DeVore

11 Mark J. DeSaulnier 41 Julia Brownley 71 Todd Spitzer

12 Fiona Ma 42 Mike Feuer 72 Mike Duvall

13 Mark Leno 43 Paul Krekorian 73 Mimi Walters

14 Loni Hancock 44 Anthony Portantino 74 Martin Garrick

15 Guy S. Houston 45 Kevin De Leon 75 George A. Plescia

16 Sandre Swanson 46 Fabian Nuñez (Speaker) 76 Lori Saldaña

17 Cathleen Galgiani 47 Karen Bass 77 Joel Anderson

18 May Hayashi 48 Mike Davis 78 Shirley Horton

19 Gene Mullin 49 Mike Eng 79 Mary Salas

20 Alberto Torrico 50 Hector De La Torre 80 Bonnie Garcia

21 Ira Ruskin 51 Curren D. Price

22 Sally J. Lieber 52 Mervyn M. Dymally

23 Joe Coto 53 Ted Lieu

24 Jim Beall 54 Betty Karnette

25 Tom Berryhill 55 Laura Richardson

26 Greg Aghazarian 56 Tony Mendoza

27 John Laird 57 Ed Hernandez

28 Anna Marie Caballero 58 Charles M. Calderon

29 Michael N. Villines 59 Anthony Adams

30 Nicole Parra 60 Bob Huff

California State AssemblyCalifornia State Assembly

48 Democrats32 Republicans


1 Cox, Dave 21 Scott, Jack

2 Wiggins, Patricia "Pat" 22 Cedillo, Gilbert

3 Migden, Carole 23 Kuehl, Sheila

4 Aanestad, Samuel 24 Romero, Gloria (Majority Leader)

5 Machado, Michael 25 Vincent, Edward

6 Steinberg, Darrell S. 26 Ridley-Thomas, Mark

7 Torlakson, Tom 27 Lowenthal, Alan S.

8 Yee, Leland 28 Oropeza, Jenny

9 Perata, Don (President Pro Tempore) 29 Margett, Bob

10 Corbett, Ellen 30 Calderon, Ron

11 Simitian, S. Joseph 31 Dutton, Robert

12 Denham, Jeff 32 McLeod, Gloria Negrete

13 Alquist, Elaine 33 Ackerman, Dick (Minority Leader)

14 Cogdill, Dave 34 Daucher, Lynn

15 Maldonado, Abel 35 Tom Harman

16 Florez, Dean 36 Hollingsworth, Dennis

17 Runner, George C. 37 Battin, James

18 Ashburn, Roy 38 Wyland, Mark

19 McClintock, Tom 39 Kehoe, Christine

20 Padilla, Alex 40 Ducheny, Denise Moreno

California State SenateCalifornia State Senate



1 Thompson, Mike 21 Nunes, Devin 41 Lewis, Jerry

2 Herger, Wally 22 McCarthy, Kevin 42 Miller, Gary G.

3 Lungren, Daniel E. 23 Capps, Lois 43 Baca, Joe

4 Doolittle, John T. 24 Gallegly, Elton 44 Calvert, Ken

5 Matsui, Doris 25 McKeon, Howard P. "Buck" 45 Bono, Mary

6 Woolsey, Lynn C. 26 Dreier, David 46 Rohrabacher, Dana

7 Miller, George 27 Sherman, Brad 47 Sanchez, Loretta

8 Pelosi, Nancy 28 Berman, Howard L. 48 Campbell, John

9 Lee, Barbara 29 Schiff, Adam B. 49 Issa, Darrell E.

10 Tauscher, Ellen O. 30 Waxman, Henry A. 50 Brian Bilbray

11 McNerney, Jerry 31 Becerra, Xavier 51 Filner, Bob

12 Lantos, Tom 32 Solis, Hilda L. 52 Hunter, Duncan

13 Stark, Fortney Pete 33 Watson, Diane E. 53 Davis, Susan A.

14 Eshoo, Anna G. 34 Roybal-Allard, Lucille

15 Honda, Michael M. 35 Waters, Maxine

16 Lofgren, Zoe 36 Harman, Jane

17 Farr, Sam 37 Millender-McDonald, Juanita

18 Cardoza, Dennis A. 38 Napolitano, Grace F.

19 Radanovich, George 39 Sanchez, Linda T.

20 Costa, Jim 40 Royce, Edward R.

California Congressional DelegationCalifornia Congressional Delegation

U.S. House of RepresentativesU.S. House of Representatives



United States Senators United States Senators

Representing CaliforniaRepresenting California

Barbara Boxer (D)Barbara Boxer (D)Dianne Feinstein (D)Dianne Feinstein (D)


California JudiciaryCalifornia Judiciary

California State California State

Courts of AppealCourts of Appeal

Superior CourtsSuperior Courts

California Supreme CourtCalifornia Supreme Court

Chief Justice: $191,483Chief Justice: $191,483

Six associate justices: Six associate justices:

$182,071$182,071

58 Superior Courts 58 Superior Courts

(one in each county)(one in each county)

1,499 judges: $149,1601,499 judges: $149,160

Six Appellate Court Six Appellate Court

DistrictsDistricts

105 judges: $170,694105 judges: $170,694

From left Justice Carlos R. Moreno, Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar,From left Justice Carlos R. Moreno, Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar, Justice Joyce L. Kennard, Chief Justice Ronald M. George, JustiJustice Joyce L. Kennard, Chief Justice Ronald M. George, Justice Marvin R. ce Marvin R.

Baxter, Justice Ming W. Chin and Justice Carol A. CorriganBaxter, Justice Ming W. Chin and Justice Carol A. Corrigan


Geographic Jurisdiction for the Geographic Jurisdiction for the

Federal Circuit Courts of AppealFederal Circuit Courts of Appeal(Additional federal courts: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed(Additional federal courts: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed

Forces, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, Federal Circuit, D.C. CircForces, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, Federal Circuit, D.C. Circuit)uit)

910

5

8

123

467

11


U.S. Federal District Courts in CaliforniaU.S. Federal District Courts in California

Eastern DistrictEastern District

(Redding, Sacramento,(Redding, Sacramento,

Fresno)Fresno)

Southern DistrictSouthern District

(San Diego)(San Diego)

Central DistrictCentral District

(Riverside, Los Angeles,(Riverside, Los Angeles,

Santa Ana)Santa Ana)

NorthernNorthern

DistrictDistrict

(Oakland, (Oakland,

San Francisco, San Francisco,

San Jose)San Jose)


Mayors: CaliforniaMayors: California’’s Largest Citiess Largest Cities

Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa

San Francisco Gavin Newsom

San Diego Jerry Sanders

Sacramento Heather Fargo

San Jose Ron Gonzales

Oakland Ron Dellums

Fresno Alan Autry

Chapter 2

Education

Transcript of Chapter 2