Chapter 2 · 2-12 Four Sentence Varieties Simple sentence: has one independent clause―that is,...
Transcript of Chapter 2 · 2-12 Four Sentence Varieties Simple sentence: has one independent clause―that is,...
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Chapter 2
Sentences
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-2
Sentence
Elements
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Subject
Completeness
PredicateSentence
Elements
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-3
Sentence: a group of words that includes three things: a subject and a predicate and
expresses a complete thought
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SubjectSentence
Elements
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-4
Simple subject: a noun or a pronoun that tells who or what the sentence is about
Complete subject: includes all modifiers
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Locating Subjects
To locate a sentence subject, ask Who orwhat is being discussed? Who or what is doing the action?
– The manager hires all new employees.
– Training programs educate new employees.
2-5© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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PredicateSentence
Elements
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-6
Simple predicate: a verb or verb phrase that tells or asks what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject
Complete predicate: includes modifiers, objects, and complements
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-7
TRY YOUR SKILL
A manager from ComStar
has been calling you.
What is the
1. Complete subject?
2. Complete predicate?
3. Simple subject?
4. Simple predicate?
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CompletenessSentence
Elements
In addition to having subjects and predicates,
sentences must be complete and make
sense.
2-8© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-9
Examples:
• A set of guidelines was developed.
(This sentence has a subject and a predicate and is complete.)
• To be used in ordering computer supplies.
(This fragment, broken off from another sentence, is incomplete and doesn’t make sense.)
Sentence
ElementsCompleteness
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2-10
Phrases and Clauses
Phrase: a group of related words WITHOUT both a subject and a verb
Kim came to the interview in the morning. She had been told to arriveat 10 a.m.
CompleteSentences
ClausesPhrases
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-11
Phrases and Clauses
Clause: a group of related words WITH both a subject and a verbIndependent clauses can stand alone as sentences.Dependent clauses rely on independent clauses for their meaning.
When she arrived, she introduced herself. If she was afraid, she didn’t show it.
CompleteSentences
ClausesPhrases
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-12
Four Sentence Varieties
Simple sentence: has one independent clause―that is, one clause that can stand alone
Compound sentence: has more than one independent clause.
Each interviewee sent a résumé.
Kim spent many hours preparing her résumé, and she practiced her answers to typical interview questions.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-13
Four Sentence Varieties
Complex sentence: has one independent clause and one dependent clause
When Kim arrived for the interview, she introduced herself to the receptionist.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-14
Four Sentence Varieties
Compound-complex sentence: has more than one independent clause and one dependent clause.
Because she had prepared well, Kim felt confident; she answered all questions fully and enthusiastically.
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2-15
Sentence
Patterns
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2-16
Pattern No. 1:
Subject-Verb
• This is the most basic sentence pattern
• subject first, verbsecond
EXAMPLES
• Charlie called.
• He is working.
• All employees work.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-17
• The subject is followed by an action verb and the verb’s direct object.
• The object usually answers the questions What? and Whom?
Pattern No. 2:
Subject-Action
Verb-Object
EXAMPLES
• ComStar created a
website. (tells what)
• A law office hired her. (tells
whom)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-18
The subject is followed by
a linking verb and its complement.
Pattern No. 3:
Subject-Linking
Verb-Complement
Complement
• Noun or pronoun that
renames the subject or
an adjective that
describes the subject
• Completes the meaning
of the subject
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-19
• Our receptionist is Patricia.
(Noun complement) identifies receptionist
(thereby renaming the receptionist)
• The winner of the award is he. (Pronoun
complement) uses nominative case for
the pronoun
• Their website is attractive. (Adjective
complement) describes website
Complement Examples
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2-20
Verbs may occasionally come before subjects.
Pattern No. 4:
Inverted Order
EXAMPLES
• Chairing the committee is
Renee Cornell.
• There are three items we
should discuss.
• Here is my business card.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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1. Cathy Formusa is serving on the task force.
2. We are considering two candidates for the position.
3. Your authorization form is here.
4. This is your authorization form.
2-21
Rearrange these
inverted sentences to
place them in normal
subject-verb order.
TRY YOUR SKILL
1. Serving on the task force is
Cathy Formusa.
2. There are two candidates
we are considering for the
position
3. Here is your authorization form.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-22
Sentence
Punctuation
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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Exclamations
Commands
Questions
Statements
Punctuating
Four
Sentence
Types
2-23© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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StatementsPunctuating
2-24
Statements: make assertions and end with periods
Many companies now use social media for marketing and communication.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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QuestionsPunctuating
2-25
Questions: finish with question marks
Can you avoid social media while on vacation?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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CommandsPunctuating
2-26
Commands: end with periods or, occasionally, with exclamation points
(You) Check your messages at least twice a day.
(The subject is understood to be you.)
You come straight home.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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ExclamationsPunctuating
2-27
Exclamations: show surprise, disbelief, or strong feelings
Oh, no! I made a huge mistake!
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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1. One of my friends
and I are preparing
for job interviews
2-28
What is this group
of words?
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
TRY YOUR SKILL
Name the
subject.
.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2. Wow! What a
presentation
2-29
What is this group
of words?
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
TRY YOUR SKILL
!
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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4. Prepare carefully by
practicing questions
and answers
2-30
What is this group
of words?
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
TRY YOUR SKILL
Name the
subject.
you (implied)
.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2-31
Sentence
Faults
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Fragment
Run-on
Sentence
Comma
Splice
Sentence
Faults
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FragmentSentence
Faults
2-33
Fragment: an incomplete sentence; should not be punctuated as if it were complete • May be broken off from
a preceding or followingsentence
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2-34
FRAGMENTBecause we have all come to depend on e-mail. That’s why we must find a solution.
REMEDYBecause we have all come to depend on e-mail, we must find a solution.
FragmentSentence
Faults
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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Comma SpliceSentence
Faults
Comma Splice: when two complete sentences are incorrectly joined with a comma
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2-36
COMMA SPLICEText messaging is popular, it’s even used in offices.
REMEDIES• Text messaging is popular. It’s even used in
offices.
• Text messaging is popular; it’s even used in
offices.
• Text messaging is popular, and it’s even used in
offices.
Comma SpliceSentence
Faults
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Run-on SentenceSentence
Faults
2-37
Run-on (Fused) Sentence: when two complete thoughts are run together
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2-38
RUN-ONText messaging was once used by teenagers now it’s also used by business professionals.
REMEDIES• Text messaging was once used by teenagers; now it’s also
used by business professionals.
• Text messaging was once used by teenagers. Now it’s also
used by business professionals.
• Text messaging was once used by teenagers, but now it’s also
used by business professionals.
Run-on SentenceSentence
Faults
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1. Unless I hear from you to the contrary. I'll assume you agree with me.
2-39
TRY YOUR SKILL
REMEDY
Unless I hear from
you to the contrary, I'll
assume you agree
with me.
Identify any
sentence faults:
Fragment
Comma splice
Run-on
Suggest remedies.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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2. No stock market prices were available, the market was closed for the holiday.
2-40
TRY YOUR SKILL
REMEDY
No stock market
prices were
available; the market
was closed for the
holiday.
Identify any
sentence faults:
Fragment
Comma splice
Run-on
Suggest remedies.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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3. The report that you said you would finish in the near future. It's still lying on your desk.
2-41
TRY YOUR SKILL
REMEDY
The report that you
said you would finish
in the near future is
still lying on your
desk.
Identify any
sentence faults:
Fragment
Comma splice
Run-on
Suggest remedies.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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4. Some employees work Sunday other employees come in early Monday.
2-42
TRY YOUR SKILL
REMEDY
Some employees
work on Sunday, and
other employees
come in early
Monday.
Identify any
sentence faults:
Fragment
Comma splice
Run-on
Suggest remedies.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
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