Chapter 1a Without Quiz
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Transcript of Chapter 1a Without Quiz
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The Science of BiologyThe Science of BiologyChapter 1Chapter 1
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
Basic characteristics of living organismsBasic characteristics of living organisms
– cellular organizationcellular organization
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
--sensitivity--sensitivity
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
– --growth, development, and reproduction--growth, development, and reproduction
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
--energy utilization--energy utilization
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
--adaptation--adaptation
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Properties of LifeProperties of Life
– --homeostasis--homeostasis
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--Atoms--Atoms
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--molecules--molecules
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--macromolecules--macromolecules
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--organelles--organelles
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--cells--cells
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--tissues--tissues
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--organs--organs
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--organ systems--organ systems
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--populations--populations-----species-----species
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--biological community--biological community
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--ecosystem--ecosystem
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Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization
--biosphere--biosphere
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ReasoningReasoning
Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning– Apply general principles to predict specific Apply general principles to predict specific
resultsresults
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ReasoningReasoning
Inductive reasoningInductive reasoning– Use specific observations to construct general Use specific observations to construct general
principlesprinciples
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
All science begins with an All science begins with an observation.observation.
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
AA hypothesis hypothesis is a suggested explanation is a suggested explanation that accounts for an observationthat accounts for an observation..
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
An An experimentexperiment is used to test a is used to test a hypothesis, and/or eliminate one or more hypothesis, and/or eliminate one or more multiple hypothesesmultiple hypotheses..
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
In a In a controlled experimentcontrolled experiment, all , all variablesvariables, , but one, are kept constant.but one, are kept constant.
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
PredictionsPredictions should be developed before should be developed before the experiment is conducted in order to the experiment is conducted in order to test the validity of the hypothesis.test the validity of the hypothesis.
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How Science Is DoneHow Science Is Done
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TheoriesTheories
A A theorytheory is: is:– a proposed explanation for a natural a proposed explanation for a natural
phenomenon.phenomenon.– the body of interconnected concepts, the body of interconnected concepts,
supported by scientific reasoning and supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence.experimental evidence.
solid ground of sciencesolid ground of science
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ResearchResearch
Basic researchBasic research is used to extend the is used to extend the boundaries of current knowledge, and boundaries of current knowledge, and provides the scientific foundation used in provides the scientific foundation used in applied researchapplied research..
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ResearchResearch
Results undergo Results undergo peer reviewpeer review in scientific in scientific journals.journals.
Comparisons of envelope through 5B sequences of infectious bronchitis coronaviruses indicates recombination occurs in the envelope and membrane genes.Brooks JE, Rainer AC, Parr RL, Woolcock P, Hoerr F, Collisson EW.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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ResearchResearch
Results undergo Results undergo peer reviewpeer review in scientific in scientific journalsjournals..
Molecular evolution of adaptive and drought resistance related genes Molecular evolution of adaptive and drought resistance related genes in four Southern pines from subsection Australesin four Southern pines from subsection Australes. . Koralewski, Tomasz; Brooks, Judy; Krutovski, Konstantin.Koralewski, Tomasz; Brooks, Judy; Krutovski, Konstantin.Submitted June 15, 2012.Submitted June 15, 2012.Under review by Under review by Canadian Journal of Forest ResearchCanadian Journal of Forest Research..Source: Texas A&M University, Dept. of Ecosystem Science and Source: Texas A&M University, Dept. of Ecosystem Science and Management (ESSM)Management (ESSM)
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ResearchResearch
Results must be reproducible.Results must be reproducible.
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Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Served as naturalist on mapping Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America.expedition around coastal South America.
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Darwin’s VoyageDarwin’s Voyage
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Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Argued operation of natural laws produced Argued operation of natural laws produced change over time, change over time, evolutionevolution..
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Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
explained by explained by natural selectionnatural selection
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection
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Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
species are not immutablespecies are not immutable
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Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
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Darwin’s EvidenceDarwin’s Evidence
Fossils of extinct organisms (armadillos) Fossils of extinct organisms (armadillos) were similar to modern species.were similar to modern species.
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Darwin’s EvidenceDarwin’s Evidence
Characteristics of similar species varied Characteristics of similar species varied from place to place.from place to place.
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Darwin’s EvidenceDarwin’s Evidence
– gradual change of organismal lineagesgradual change of organismal lineagesorganisms on young volcanic islands organisms on young volcanic islands resembled those on mainland coastresembled those on mainland coast
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Large ground finch (seeds)Cactus ground finch
(cactus fruits and flowers)
Vegetarian finch (buds) Woodpecker finch (insects)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and Malthus
Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principle Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principle of Population) pointed out populations of of Population) pointed out populations of organisms tend to increase geometrically.organisms tend to increase geometrically.
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Geometric and Arithmetic Geometric and Arithmetic ProgressionProgression
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and MalthusUnchecked populations should lead to population explosions, but most remain fairly constant between years
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and Malthus
Only a limited number of individuals survive
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and Malthus
Darwin suggested individuals with superior Darwin suggested individuals with superior physical or behavioral attributes are more physical or behavioral attributes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those likely to survive and reproduce than those without such attributes.without such attributes.
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and Malthus
– SelectionSelectionartificialartificial - domesticated breeds - domesticated breeds
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Darwin and MalthusDarwin and Malthus
natural natural - organisms in the wild- organisms in the wild
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Darwin and WallaceDarwin and Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace independently and Alfred Russel Wallace independently and almost simultaneously developed same almost simultaneously developed same idea. idea.
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Homology Among Vertebrate Homology Among Vertebrate LimbsLimbs
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Unifying Themes of ScienceUnifying Themes of Science
Cell theoryCell theory– All living organisms are made of cells, and All living organisms are made of cells, and
all living cells come from other living cellsall living cells come from other living cells..
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Unifying Themes of ScienceUnifying Themes of Science
Molecular basis of inheritanceMolecular basis of inheritance– DNA encodes genes which make-up DNA encodes genes which make-up
and control living organismsand control living organisms..
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Unifying Themes of ScienceUnifying Themes of Science
– Life-forms have developed varying characteristics Life-forms have developed varying characteristics to adapt to varied environments.to adapt to varied environments.
– Some characteristics of earlier organisms are Some characteristics of earlier organisms are preserved and passed on to future generations.preserved and passed on to future generations.