Chapter 19: The Persian Gulf and Interior Chapter 20: Eastern Mediterranean Chapter 21: North Africa...

Chapter 19: The Persian Gulf and InteriorChapter 20: Eastern MediterraneanChapter 21: North Africa

Section 1: Natural Environments

Section 2: History and Government

Section 3: The Region Today

Essential Questions:

How have peoples, empires, and Islam affected the history of the Persian Gulf area and Southwest Asia?

What are the major features of the region’s culture?

From Empires to Independence

The world’s first civilization developed in the area known as the Fertile Crescent

Around 800 B.C., a people called the Sumerians built the world’s first cities in southern Mesopotamia

City merchants traded goods from throughout the region

The Fertile Crescent


Sumer was the first civilization that included: complex institutions, cities, specialized workers, and a system of government

The Sumerians were the first civilization to create a system of writing called Cuneiform


Rich resources in the area attracted invaders

King Sargon and the Akkadians conquered the Sumerians and created the region’s first empire

An empire includes several peoples, nations, or states under one direct leader

From Empires to Independence About 550 B.C. an empire

developed in Persia The Persians conquered

both Mesopotamia and Asia Minor

The Persian Empire was the largest, richest, and most powerful empire created

The Greeks and Romans eventually control much of this region

Asia Minor

Persian Empire

Mesopotamia

The Rise of Islam Around the years 570 to

632 A.D., the prophet Muhammad established Islam

Muhammad was born in Mecca, on the western edge of the Arabian Peninsula

There he received a message from Gabriel, an angel that told him to preach the message of Allah

The Rise of Islam Muhammad established a

Muslim community in Medina

After his death, Islam spread to the rest of the Arabian Peninsula

Armies then spread Islam as far west as Spain in less than a century

Over time, Islam spread to Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia

The Rise of Islam Allah: the Arabic

word for God Muslims: people who

practice Islam Koran: Islam’s holy

book (Quran) Mecca: direction in

which all Muslims must pray

Jihad: Islamic holy war

Pillars: practices of Islam

The Rise of Islam

What are the beliefs and practices of Islam (Five Pillars)?

The Rise of Islam

Faith: Declaration that there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet

The Rise of Islam

Prayer: Five times a day, facing Mecca

The Rise of Islam

Alms: Muslims have a social responsibility to give money to the poor

The Rise of Islam

Fasting: Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk. The idea is to show that spiritual needs are greater than physical needs

Gaining Independence In the 1200s, the Mongols

swept out of Central Asia conquered what is today Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran

Rulers called Safavids came to power in the 1500s

Historians call this period the Golden Age of Persian culture as literature, architecture, and the arts flourished (carpets, ceramics, textiles)

Gaining Independence The Safavid dynasty

(hereditary rulers) came to an end in the 1700s

The British and Russian Empires tried to control Iran and Afghanistan in the 1800s

During the 1900s, both countries became independent

Gaining Independence The western part of the region

followed the same pattern In the 1500s, the Ottoman

Turks conquered Mesopotamia and most of the Arabian Peninsula

They controlled this region until the early 1900s when the British took over

Iraq and Saudi Arabia eventually gained their independence in 1932

The other smaller nations (Kuwait, UAE, Yemen) in 1960

People and Languages Most people in the

Persian Gulf and interior Southwest Asia are Arabs

Arabic is the dominant language

To read the Koran, Muslims had to learn Arabic which has become the language of scholarship and trade

People and Languages Iraq—Arab country Kurds—Muslim but not Arab The Kurds have never had their own country

Iran—Persians dominate Iran and hold most important positions in society, Iranians do not consider themselves Arab

Most people in Iran speak Farsi

Afghanistan—Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group

Pashtun refers to the number of tribes that speak the Pashtu languages

Religion and Society Islam is split into two

branches Sunni Islam chooses their

imams—leaders of prayer Shia—those who practice

Shi’ism, allow only those who are descendants of the prophet Muhammad’s family

About 90% of Muslims are Sunni while the other 10% are Shia

Conflicts and persecution have resulted in conflict between the two groups

Economic Development Oil and gas production—

key activities Agriculture—mainly

subsistence Nomadic herding livestock

—mostly Sheep, goats, and cattle—

pigs are forbidden since Muslims don’t eat pork

Nomadic herders are known as Bedouins

Oil Wealth and Power Oil wealth—Saudi

Arabia is the largest oil exporter in the Middle East

Key member of OPEC Influences oil prices and

controlling supply Caretaker of Islam’s

holiest city—Mecca Absolute Monarchy

(Saud family)

Oil Wealth and Power In 1979 a revolution

toppled Iran’s monarchy

Its government is now ruled by an ayatollah—a religious leader of the highest authority among Shia Muslims

Iran became a theocracy—a country governed by religious law

Oil Wealth and Power During the 1920s and

30s, European companies found large deposits of oil in Persia.

In 1921, a Persian army officer named Reza Khan seized control of their government.

In 1935, he changed the name of his country from Persia to Iran

Khan ruled as the Shah of Iran

Oil Wealth and Power The Shah wanted to use

Iran’s wealth to westernize his country and bring its people into the modern world

He set up public schools, built roads and railroads, and gave women more rights

Muslim leaders (ayatollahs) opposed western lifestyles and wanted Iran to become an Islamic republic, ruled in accordance with the Koran (fundamentalism)

Oil Wealth and Power The leader in the opposition

to the Shah was a man named Ayatollah Khomeini

He and his fellow religious leaders established an Islamic theocracy in Iran

Alcohol and music were banned, women were separated from men in schools, and the Koran became the legal code for the country

Thousands of Iranians were executed for not following Islamic law

Oil Wealth and PowerNot on your notes

Khomeini led a revolt throughout Iran with his messages of “Death to the Shah!” and “Down with America!”

Oil Wealth and Power Hatred for the U.S. was

part of Khomeini’s policy The U.S. had supported

the Shah and allowed him into the country for medical treatment

In 1978, Islamic extremists seized the U.S. embassy in Iran and held 60 Americans hostage demanding the Shah’s return

Most of the hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before being released in 1981

Iran’s President Today: Ahmadinejad

William Belk

Oil Wealth and Power On April 24, 1980, an ill-fated military operation to

rescue the American hostages held in Tehran ended with eight U.S. servicemen dead and no hostages rescued

Oil Wealth and Power The release of the

hostages came a day after President Carter's term ended and Ronald Reagan became president

The hostage takers are thought to have wanted the release delayed as punishment for his perceived support for the Shah

William Belk

Oil Wealth and PowerOn your notes

Khomeini encouraged Muslims from other countries to overthrow their governments

Tensions grew between Arabs of Iraq and Persians of Iran over different sects of Islam

Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979 and opposed the ayatollahs

War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980

For 8 years Muslims killed Muslims

Oil Wealth and Power Hussein used chemical

weapons against Iran, the first major use of chemicals in battle since WWI

In 1990, Hussein ordered his army to invade Kuwait

Conquering Kuwait was part of Hussein’s plan to gain control of the oil rich region

Oil Wealth and Power Iraq’s invasion of

Kuwait threatened the stability of the region

President Bush ordered a ground assault to liberate Kuwait that took only 100 hours

The conflict became known as the Persian Gulf War

Oil Wealth and Power Iraqi forces set

fire to a large number of Kuwait’s oil wells before being driven out of the country

Iraqi troops also dumped 250 million gallons of Kuwait’s oil into the Persian Gulf

Oil Wealth and Power Although the Gulf War had

ended, Hussein remained in power

His survival posed a continual threat to stability in the Gulf

In 2003, after Iraq’s resistance to inspections and violations of UN sanctions, the U.S. led an invasion of the country

Iraq’s forces were defeated and Saddam Hussein was eventually captured, tried, and hanged

Islam, Society, and Change In Afghanistan, ethnic and

political rivalries have long plagued the country

In the 1990s, a group called the Taliban came to power, driven by an extreme version of Sunni Islam

The Taliban established strict laws governing Afghan’s lives

Islam, Society, and Change After 9/11, U.S. officials

focused on the aid the terrorists received from the Taliban government

U.S. forces attacked terrorists camps and Taliban military targets

In 2002, the Afghan people elected Hamid Karzai as the country’s first president

In 2004, they adopted a new constitution

Islam, Society, and Change Freed from the Taliban,

the Afghan people experienced new liberties

Women are now able to attend school and work outside their homes

Still Islamic traditions encourage women to value roles as wives and mothers

Today the Taliban is experiencing new growth again

Early peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean

The Roman and Byzantine Empires

The Romans conquered the eastern Mediterranean in the years 200 B.C. and A.D. 106

Because they resisted Roman authority, and were monotheistic, most Jews were exiled from Palestine

Followers of Christianity began to spread their beliefs throughout the empire

The Roman and Byzantine Empires

During the A.D. 400s, the Roman Empire fell due to economic, political, and military reasons

The empire broke into two parts, the eastern portion became known as the Byzantine Empire, with the Eastern Orthodox Church as its religion

Constantinople—now Istanbul—was the center of the church and the head of the Byzantine Empire

The Arabs and Islam The Byzantine Empire lost

much of its territory as a result of Muslim armies sweeping north out of the Arabian Peninsula

Turkic Muslims captured Jerusalem from the Arabs in 1077

When the Turks threatened Constantinople, the Pope called for Christians around Europe to go to war

The Arabs and Islam This series of wars was

known as the Crusades Between 1095 and the late

1200s, crusader armies from around Europe invaded the region

For a period, the Crusaders held Jerusalem and some cities in Syria

Muslim armies eventually retook Jerusalem and claimed the region for Islam

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks

established their empire in the region during the 1300s

Ottoman rulers were called Sultans

They conquered Constantinople in 1453 and made it the Ottoman capital

The empire reached into parts of eastern Europe and most of North Africa

The Ottoman Empire Over time, ethnic

minorities within the empire’s borders began to push for independence

During WWI, the Ottoman Empire fought on the losing side

After the war, the republic of Turkey was established and Ankara became its capital

The Ottoman Empire Beyond Turkey, the former

Ottoman territories became mandates of Great Britain and France

Mandates were territories placed under another country’s control

The British and French mandates included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Transjordan

After WWII these mandates gained independence

Palestine and Modern Israel In the late 1800s, European

Jews began a movement called Zionism which called for Jews to set up their own country or homeland in Palestine

After WWI, thousands of Jews moved to the area which became a British mandate

Jewish immigration to Palestine increased during the 1930s and 1940s as many Jews fled Germany and the Holocaust

Palestine and Modern Israel The United Nations

divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in 1947

When the British withdrew from Palestine the next year, the Jewish people declared itself the independent state of Israel

Israel gained territories through war—West Bank, Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Palestine and Modern Israel The Palestine Liberation

Organization (PLO), led by Yasser Arafat, became a force in the region around this time

Groups that wanted to establish an independent Palestinian state formed the PLO in 1964 to coordinate these efforts

Violent conflicts between the Palestinians and Israelis continue today

The Partition Of Palestine

Objective: Learn the key events in the formation of Middle Eastern states

Your Task: In pairs, you will read a summary depicting a

major event of the formation of the Middle East

Each pair needs to summarize, in complete sentences, four aspects of each event

Then, draw the image and annotate a minimum of four aspects of the image

You will be graded based on your ability to summarize all the events and your ability to annotate all the metaphors correctly

Activity: Formation of Middle Eastern States (Partners)

Objective: Learn the key events in the formation of Middle Eastern states

Your Task: In groups of four, read a summary depicting a major

event of the formation of the Middle East Each group will summarize one of the key events,

draw the image of the event, and annotate it based on the summary

Groups will then display their annotated drawings and present to the class the event and their annotations

You will be graded based on your ability to summarize your event and your ability to annotate the metaphor correctly

Activity: Formation of Middle Eastern States (Groups)

The Cold War World

Berlin Airlift

Berlin Blockade

Communism

Berlin

The United StatesThe Soviet Union

Culture (Religion), (Settlement),

(Traditions and Customs)

Read the section titled “Culture” pages 457-458

Read to learn how Israel’s two official languages reflect the region’s distinctive history

Read to understand how religion shaped cultural patterns in the region

The Region Today Read the section titled “Issues and Challenge”

pages 462-463 Read to learn why some Kurds want Turkey to

change its boundaries Know the following term: secular

Early Peoples

Along the Nile River, a series of kingdoms arose, ruled by monarchs called pharaohs

These rulers were considered gods and had complete control over the Egyptian people

The Egyptians built great pyramids and monuments that still stand today

Early Peoples

They developed a writing system that used pictures and symbols called hieroglyphs

They also created a 365-day calendar and learned to predict the annual floods of the Nile

As Egyptian power weakened, foreigners began to control much of North Africa

Early Peoples

Phoenicians were sailors and traders from what is now Lebanon

Their alphabet became one of the most widely used writing systems across the Mediterranean world

They set up Mediterranean colonies such as Carthage in modern-day Tunisia

Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt in 332 B.C.

Early Peoples

The Roman Empire became a great power in North Africa after it destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.

After the Roman Empire crumbled, a Germanic tribe called the Vandals moved through Spain into Africa

They set up a kingdom that is now Libya

The Arabs and Islam

In the 600s, Arab armies from Southwest Asia swept across North Africa

They reached Africa’s Atlantic coast and conquered Morocco by the early 700s

Most people in North Africa became Muslims and Arabic became the major language

The Arabs and Islam

In the 1500s, outsiders again invaded North Africa

Under Arab control, Cairo and other North African cities became centers of Islamic culture and education

The Ottomans, Muslims based in Turkey, took control of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria

Colonialism

Early in the 19th Century, western European powers had begun to take over parts of North Africa

Beginning in the 1830s, France moved to control the Maghreb—Tunisia, Algeria, and part of Morocco

Spain took control of northern Morocco

Colonialism

In 1882, Great Britain took control of Egypt

Britain wanted control of the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea

The canal was an important trade link between Europe and Britain's colony in India

Man-made canal

Independence

North Africans resented European rule

Over time, they began to win their independence

In 1952, Egyptian military officers led a revolution that brought independence from Britain

Independence

Tunisia was granted independence from the French in 1956, but the French did not want to loose Algeria and fought a bloody war to hold on to that country

Most of the French eventually left after Algeria won its independence in 1962

Independence

Libya became independent in 1951

In 1969, Muammar Gadhafi, a military office, overthrew the monarchy

Gadhafi declared the country a socialist republic and took on anti-western policies

Culture The Berbers are a cultural

group that lived in North Africa long before the Arabs armies crossed the continent

Arabic is the official language of every north African country however, most people speak their own version

In some rural areas Berber dialects are also common

Chapter 19: The Persian Gulf and Interior Chapter 20: Eastern Mediterranean Chapter 21: North Africa...

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