Chapter 20

chapter 19: electrochemistry

chapter 19: electrochemistry

chapter 19

electrochemistry

Visualizing Chemistry Answers

VC19.1a.

VC19.2b.

VC19.3b.

VC19.4a.

Problem Solutions

19.1Strategy: We follow the stepwise procedure for balancing redox reactions presented in Section 19.1 of the text.

Solution:.

(a)In Step 1, we separate the half-reactions.

oxidation:Fe2 ( Fe3

reduction:H2O2 ( H2O

Step 2 is unnecessary because the half-reactions are already balanced with respect to iron.

Step 3:We balance each half-reaction for O by adding H2O. The oxidation half-reaction is already balanced in this regard (it contains no O atoms). The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of one H2O on the product side.H2O2 ( H2O + H2O or simply H2O2 ( 2H2O

Step 4: We balance each half reaction for H by adding H+. Again, the oxidation half-reaction is already balanced in this regard. The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of two H+ ions on the reactant side.

H2O2 2H ( 2H2O

Step 5: We balance both half-reactions for charge by adding electrons. In the oxidation half-reaction, there is a total charge of +2 on the left and a total charge of +3 on the right. Adding one electron to the product side makes the total charge on each side +2.

Fe2 ( Fe3e(In the reduction half-reaction, there is a total charge of +2 on the left and a total charge of 0 on the right. Adding two electrons to the reactant side makes the total charge on each side 0.

H2O2 2H 2e( ( 2H2O

Step 6: Because the number of electrons is not the same in both half-reactions, we multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 2.

2((Fe2 ( Fe3 e() = 2Fe2 ( 2Fe3 2e(Step 7: Finally, we add the resulting half-reactions, cancelling electrons and any other identical species to get the overall balanced equation.

(b)In Step 1, we separate the half-reactions.

oxidation:Cu ( Cu2

reduction:HNO3 ( NO

Step 2 is unnecessary because the half-reactions are already balanced with respect to copper and nitrogen.

Step 3:We balance each half-reaction for O by adding H2O. The oxidation half-reaction is already balanced in this regard (it contains no O atoms). The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of two H2O molecules on the product side.

HNO3 ( NO 2H2O

Step 4: We balance each half reaction for H by adding H+. Again, the oxidation half-reaction is already balanced in this regard. The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of three H+ ions on the reactant side.

3H HNO3 ( NO 2H2O

Step 5: We balance both half-reactions for charge by adding electrons. In the oxidation half-reaction, there is a total charge of 0 on the left and a total charge of +2 on the right. Adding two electrons to the product side makes the total charge on each side 0.

Cu ( Cu2 2e(In the reduction half-reaction, there is a total charge of +3 on the left and a total charge of 0 on the right. Adding three electrons to the reactant side makes the total charge on each side 0.

3H HNO3 3e( ( NO 2H2O

Step 6: Because the number of electrons is not the same in both half-reactions, we multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 3, and the reduction half-reaction by 2.

3((Cu ( Cu2 2e() = 3Cu ( 3Cu2 6e( 2((3H HNO3 3e( ( NO 2H2O) = 6H 2HNO3 6e( ( 2NO 4H2O

Step 7: Finally, we add the resulting half-reactions, cancelling electrons and any other identical species to get the overall balanced equation.

(c)In Step 1, we separate the half-reactions.

oxidation:CN( ( CNO(

reduction:MnO ( MnO2Step 2 is unnecessary because the half-reactions are already balanced with respect to carbon, nitrogen, and manganese.

Step 3:We balance each half-reaction for O by adding H2O. The oxidation half-reaction requires the addition of one H2O molecule to the reactant side. The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of two H2O molecules on the product side.

H2O + CN( ( CNO(

MnO ( MnO2 + 2H2OStep 4: We balance each half reaction for H by adding H+. The oxidation half-reaction requires the addition of 2 H+ ions to the product side. The reduction half-reaction requires the addition of four H+ ions on the reactant side.

H2O + CN( ( CNO(

+ MnO ( MnO2 + 2H2OStep 5: We balance both half-reactions for charge by adding electrons. In the oxidation half-reaction, there is a total charge of (1 on the left and a total charge of +1 on the right. Adding two electrons to the product side makes the total charge on each side (1.

H2O + CN( ( CNO( + 2e(In the reduction half-reaction, there is a total charge of +3 on the left and a total charge of 0 on the right. Adding three electrons to the reactant side makes the total charge on each side 0.

3e( + MnO ( MnO2 + 2H2OStep 6: Because the number of electrons is not the same in both half-reactions, we multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 3, and the reduction half-reaction by 2.

3(( H2O + CN( ( CNO( + 2e() = 3H2O + 3CN( ( 3CNO( + 6e(

2(( 3e( + MnO ( MnO2 + 2H2O) = 6e( + 2MnO ( 2MnO2 + 4H2O

Step 7: Finally, we add the resulting half-reactions, cancelling electrons and any other identical species to get the overall balanced equation.

Balancing a redox reaction in basic solution requires two additional steps.

Step 8: For each H+ ion in the final equation, we add one OH( ion to each side of the equation, combining the H+ and OH( ions to produce H2O.

3CN( 2MnO ( 3CNO( 2MnO2 H2O

2OH( 2OH(

2H2O 2MnO 3CN(( 2MnO2 3CNO( H2O 2OH(Step 9: Lastly, we cancel H2O molecules that result from Step 8.

3CN( 2MnO H2O ( 3CNO( 2MnO2 2OH(

Parts (d) and (e) are solved using the methods outlined in (a) through (c).

(d)6OH( 3Br2 ( BrO 3H2O 5Br(

(e)2S2O I2 ( S4O 2I(19.2(a) 2OH( Mn2 H2O2 MnO2 2H2O

(b)2Bi(OH)3 3SnO 2Bi 3SnO 3H2O

(c) 14H 3C2O Cr2O

6CO2 2Cr3 7H2O

(d)4H 2Cl( 2ClO

Cl2 2ClO2 2H2O

(e)14H 2Mn2+ + 5BiO 2MnO 5Bi3+ 7H2O19.10Half-reactionE((V)

Mg2(aq) 2e( ( Mg(s)(2.37

Cu2(aq) 2e( ( Cu(s)0.34

The overall equation is:Mg(s) Cu2(aq) ( Mg2(aq) Cu(s)

E( 0.34 V ( ((2.37 V) 2.71 V19.11Strategy: At first, it may not be clear how to assign the electrodes in the galvanic cell. From Table 19.1 of the text, we write the standard reduction potentials of Al and Ag and compare their values to determine which is the anode half-reaction and which is the cathode half-reaction.

Solution: The standard reduction potentials are:

Ag(1.0 M) e( ( Ag(s)E( 0.80 V

Al3(1.0 M) 3e( ( Al(s)E( (1.66 V

The silver half-reaction, with the more positive E( value, will occur at the cathode (as a reduction). The aluminum half-reaction will occur at the anode (as an oxidation). In order to balance the numbers of electrons in the two half-reactions, we multiply the reduction by 3 before summing the two half-reactions. Note that multiplying a half-reaction by 3 does not change its E( value because reduction potential is an intensive property.

Al(s) ( Al3(1.0 M) 3e(

3Ag(1.0 M) 3e( ( 3Ag(s)

Overall:Al(s) 3Ag(1.0 M) ( Al3(1.0 M) 3Ag(s)

We find the emf of the cell using Equation 19.1.

E 0.80 V ( ((1.66 V) 2.46 V

Check: The positive value of E( shows that the forward reaction is favored.19.12The appropriate half-reactions from Table 19.1 are

I2(s) 2e( ( 2I((aq)

Fe3(aq) e( ( Fe2(aq)

Thus, iron(III) should oxidize iodide ion to iodine. This makes the iodide ion/iodine half-reaction the anode. The standard emf can be found using Equation 19.1.

(The emf was not required in this problem, but the fact that it is positive confirms that the reaction should favor products at equilibrium.)

19.13The half(reaction for oxidation is:

2H2O(l) O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e(

The species that can oxidize water to molecular oxygen must have an more positive than 1.23 V. From Table 19.1 of the text we see that only Cl2(g) and MnO(aq) in acid solution can oxidize water to oxygen.

19.14Another way to word the problem is: Is the reaction of NO and Mn2+ to produce NO and MnO spontaneous? The overall reaction described in the problem is:

5NO(aq) 3Mn2(aq) 2H2O(l) ( 5NO(g) 3MnO(aq) 4H(aq)

Using E( values from Table 19.1 and Equation 19.1, we calculate the cell emf to determine whether or not the reaction is spontaneous.

The negative emf indicates that reactants are favored at equilibrium. is positive for a spontaneous reaction. Therefore, NO3( will not oxidize Mn2 to MnO under standard-state conditions.

19.15Strategy: In each case, we can calculate the standard cell emf from the potentials for the two half-reactions.

Solution: Using E( values from Table 19.1:

(a)E( (0.40 V ( ((2.87 V) 2.47 V. The reaction is spontaneous.

(b)E( (0.14 V ( 1.07 V (1.21 V. The reaction is not spontaneous.

(c)E( (0.25 V ( 0.80 V (1.05 V. The reaction is not spontaneous.

(d)E( 0.77 V ( 0.15 V 0.62 V. The reaction is spontaneous.

19.16From Table 19.1 of the text, we compare the standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions. The more positive the potential, the better the substance is as an oxidizing agent.

(a)Au3(b)Ag(c)Cd2(d)O2 in acidic solution.

19.17Strategy: The greater the tendency for the substance to be oxidized, the stronger its tendency to act as a reducing agent. The species that has a stronger tendency to be oxidized will have a smaller reduction potential.

Solution: In each pair, look for the one with the smaller reduction potential. This indicates a greater tendency for the substance to be oxidized.

(a) From Table 19.1, we have the following reduction potentials:

Na: (2.71 V

Li: (3.05 V

Li has the smaller (more negative) reduction potential and is therefore more easily oxidized. The more easily oxidized substance is the better reducing agent. Li is the better reducing agent.

Following the same logic for parts (b) through (d) gives

(b) H2(c) Fe2(d) Br(19.21Strategy: The relationship between the equilibrium constant, K, and the standard emf is given by Equation 19.5 of the text: . Thus, knowing and n (the moles of electrons transferred) we can the determine equilibrium constant. We find the standard reduction potentials in Table 19.1 of the text.

Solution: We must rearrange Equation 19.5 to solve for K:

We see in the reaction that Mg goes to Mg2 and Zn2 goes to Zn. Therefore, two moles of electrons are transferred during the redox reaction; i.e., n = 2.

K3 ( 105419.22We use Equation 19.5:

Substitute the equilibrium constant and the moles of e( transferred (n 2) into the above equation to calculate E(.

E(0.368 V19.23In each case we use standard reduction potentials from Table 19.1 together with Equation 19.5 of the text.

(a)

We break the equation into two half(reactions:

Br2(l) 2e( 2Br((aq)

2I((aq) I2(s) 2e(

The standard emf is

Next, we can calculate K using Equation 19.5 of the text.

K2 ( 1018

(b)We break the equation into two half(reactions:

2Ce4+(aq) 2e( 2Ce3+(aq)E= 1.61 V

2Cl((aq) Cl2(g) 2e(E= 1.36 V

The standard emf is

K3 ( 108

(c)We break the equation into two half(reactions:

MnO(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5e( Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)E= 1.51 V

5Fe2+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) 5e(

E= 0.77 V

The standard emf is

K3 ( 106219.24(a)We break the equation into two half(reactions:

Mg(s) Mg2(aq) 2e(

Pb2(aq) 2e( Pb(s)

The standard emf is given by

We can calculate (G( from the standard emf using Equation 19.3.

Next, we can calculate K using Equation 19.5 of the text.

or

and

K5 ( 1075

Parts (b) and (c) are worked in an analogous manner to part (a).

(b)

(G( ((4)(96500 J/V(mol)(0.46 V) (178 kJ/mol

K1 ( 1031

(c)

(G( ((6)(96500 J/V(mol)(2.19 V) (1.27 ( 103 kJ/mol

K9 ( 1022119.25Strategy: The spontaneous reaction that occurs must include one reduction and one oxidation. We examine the reduction potentials of the species present to determine which half reaction will occur as the reduction and which will occur as the oxidation. The relationship between the standard free energy change and the standard emf of the cell is given by Equation 19.3 of the text: . The relationship between the equilibrium constant, K, and the standard emf is given by Equation 19.5 of the text: . Thus, once we determine , we can calculate (G( and K.

Solution: The half-reactions (both written as reductions) are:

Fe3(aq) e( ( Fe2(aq)

Ce4(aq) e( ( Ce3(aq)

Because it has the larger reduction potential, Ce4 is the more easily reduced and will oxidize Fe2 to Fe3. This makes the Fe2/Fe3 half-reaction the anode. The spontaneous reaction is

Ce4(aq) Fe2(aq) ( Ce3(aq) + Fe3(aq)

The standard cell emf is found using Equation 19.1 of the text.

The values of (G( and Kc are found using Equations 19.3 and 19.5 of the text.

K= 2 ( 1014

Check: The negative value of (G( and the large positive value of K, both indicate that the reaction favors products at equilibrium. The result is consistent with the fact that E( for the galvanic cell is positive.

19.26We can determine the of a hypothetical galvanic cell made up of two couples (Cu2/Cu and Cu/Cu) from the standard reduction potentials in Table 19.1 of the text.

The half-cell reactions are:

Anode (oxidation):Cu(1.0 M) ( Cu2(1.0 M) e(

Cathode (reduction):Cu(1.0 M) e( ( Cu(s)

Overall:2Cu(1.0 M) ( Cu2(1.0 M) Cu(s)

Now, we use Equation 19.3 of the text. The overall reaction shows that n 1.

(G( ((1)(96500 J/V(mol)(0.37 V) (36 kJ/mol

Next, we can calculate K using Equation 19.5 of the text.

or

and

K= 2 ( 10619.29Strategy: The standard emf (E() can be calculated using the standard reduction potentials in Table 19.1 of the text. Because the reactions are not run under standard-state conditions (concentrations are not 1 M), we need the Nernst equation (Equation 19.7) of the text to calculate the emf (E) of a hypothetical galvanic cell. Remember that solids do not appear in the reaction quotient (Q) term in the Nernst equation. We can calculate (G from E using Equation 19.2 of the text: (G (nFEcell.

Solution: The half-cell reactions are:

.

E 1.09 V19.30If this were a standard cell, the concentrations would all be 1.00 M, and the voltage would just be the standard emf calculated from Table 19.1 of the text. Since cell emf's depend on the concentrations of the reactants and products, we must use the Nernst equation (Equation 19.7 of the text) to find the emf of a nonstandard cell.

(a) The half-reactions are:

Anode (oxidation):Mg(s) ( Mg2(1.0 M) 2e(

Cathode (reduction):Sn2(1.0 M) 2e( ( Sn(s)

Overall:Mg(s) Sn2(1.0 M) ( Mg2(1.0 M) Sn(s)

From Equation 19.7 of the text, we write:

E2.23 V

We can now find the free energy change at the given concentrations using Equation 19.2 of the text. Note that in this reaction, n 2.

(G (nFEcell

(G ((2)(96500 J/V(mol)(2.23 V) (430 kJ/mol

(b)The half-cell reactions are:

Anode (oxidation):3[Zn(s) ( Zn2(1.0 M) 2e(]

Cathode (reduction):2[Cr3(1.0 M) 3e( ( Cr(s)]

Overall:3Zn(s) 2Cr3(1.0 M) ( 3Zn2(1.0 M) 2Cr(s)

From Equation 19.7 of the text, we write:

E0.04 V

We can now find the free energy change at the given concentrations using Equation 19.2 of the text. Note that in this reaction, n 6.

(G (nFEcell

(G ((6)(96500 J/V(mol)(0.04 V) (23 kJ/mol19.31The overall reaction is:Zn(s) 2H(aq) ( Zn2(aq) H2(g)

E0.78 V19.32We write the two half-reactions to calculate the standard cell emf. (Oxidation occurs at the Pb electrode.)

Pb(s) Pb2(aq) 2e(

2H(aq) 2e( H2(g)

2H(aq) Pb(s) H2(g) Pb2(aq)

Using the Nernst equation, we can calculate the cell emf, E.

E0.083 V19.33As written, the reaction is not spontaneous under standard state conditions; the cell emf is negative.

The reaction will become spontaneous when the concentrations of zinc(II) and copper(II) ions are such as to make the emf positive. The turning point is when the emf is zero. We solve the Nernst equation (Equation 19.6) for the [Cu2]/[Zn2] ratio at this point.

At 25C:

6.0 ( 10(38

In other words for the reaction to be spontaneous, the [Cu2]/[Zn2] ratio must be less than 6.0 ( 10(38.

Think About It: Is the reduction of zinc(II) by copper metal a practical use of copper?

19.34All concentration cells have the same standard emf: zero volts.

Mg2(aq) 2e( Mg(s)

Mg(s) Mg2(aq) 2e(

We use the Nernst equation to compute the emf. There are two moles of electrons transferred from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent in this reaction, so n 2.

E0.010 V19.38(a)The total charge passing through the circuit is

From the anode half-reaction we can find the amount of hydrogen.

The volume can be computed using the ideal gas equation

(b)The charge passing through the circuit in one minute is

We can find the amount of oxygen from the cathode half-reaction and the ideal gas equation.

19.39We can calculate the standard free energy change, (G(, from the standard free energies of formation, using Equation 18.12 of the text. Then, we can calculate the standard cell emf, , from (G(.

The overall reaction is:

C3H8(g) 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) 4H2O(l)

We can now calculate the standard emf using the following equation:

or

Check the half-reactions of the text to determine that 20 moles of electrons are transferred during this redox reaction.

Think About It: Does this suggest that, in theory, it should be possible to construct a galvanic cell (battery) based on any conceivable spontaneous reaction?

19.43Strategy: A faraday is a mole of electrons. Knowing how many moles of electrons are needed to reduce a mole of magnesium ions, we can determine how many moles of magnesium will be produced. The half-reaction shows that two moles of e( are required per mole of Mg.

Mg2+(aq) + 2e(

Mg(s)

Solution:

19.44(a)The only ions present in molten BaCl2 are Ba2 and Cl(. The electrode reactions are:

anode:2Cl((aq) Cl2(g) 2e(

cathode:Ba2(aq) 2e( Ba(s)

This cathode half-reaction tells us that 2 moles of e( are required to produce 1 mole of Ba(s).

(b) According to Figure 19.12 of the text, we can carry out the following conversion steps to calculate the quantity of Ba in grams.

current ( time ( coulombs ( mol e( ( mol Ba ( g Ba

First, we calculate the coulombs of electricity that pass through the cell. Then, we will continue on to calculate grams of Ba.

We see that for every mole of Ba formed at the cathode, 2 moles of electrons are needed. The grams of Ba produced at the cathode are:

19.45The half-reactions are:Na e( ( Na

Al3 3e( ( Al

As long as we are comparing equal masses, we can use any mass that is convenient. In this case, we will use 1 g.

It is cheaper to prepare 1 ton of sodium by electrolysis.

19.46The cost for producing various metals is determined by the moles of electrons needed to produce a given amount of metal. For each reduction, we first calculate the number of tons of metal produced per 1 mole of electrons (1 ton 9.072 ( 105 g). The reductions are:

Mg2 2e( Mg

Al3 3e( Al

Na e( Na

Ca2 2e( Ca

Now that we know the tons of each metal produced per mole of electrons, we can convert from $155/ton Mg to the cost to produce the given amount of each metal.

(a)For aluminum :

(b)For sodium:

(c)For calcium:

19.47Find the amount of oxygen using the ideal gas equation

Since the half-reaction shows that one mole of oxygen requires four faradays of electric charge, we write

19.48(a)The half(reaction is:

2H2O(l) O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e(

First, we can calculate the number of moles of oxygen produced using the ideal gas equation.

Since 4 moles of electrons are needed for every 1 mole of oxygen, we will need 4 F of electrical charge to produce 1 mole of oxygen.

(b)The half(reaction is:

2Cl((aq) Cl2(g) 2e(

The number of moles of chlorine produced is:

Since 2 moles of electrons are needed for every 1 mole of chlorine gas, we will need 2 F of electrical charge to produce 1 mole of chlorine gas.

(c)The half(reaction is:

Sn2(aq) 2e( Sn(s)

The number of moles of Sn(s) produced is

Since 2 moles of electrons are needed for every 1 mole of Sn, we will need 2 F of electrical charge to reduce 1 mole of Sn2 ions to Sn metal.

19.49The half-reactions are:Cu2(aq) 2e( ( Cu(s)

2Br((aq) ( Br2(l) 2e(

The mass of copper produced is:

The mass of bromine produced is:

19.50(a)The half(reaction is:

Ag(aq) e( Ag(s)

(b)Since this reaction is taking place in an aqueous solution, the probable oxidation is the oxidation of water. (Neither Ag nor NO3( can be further oxidized.)

2H2O(l) O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e(

(c)The half-reaction tells us that 1 mole of electrons is needed to reduce 1 mol of Ag to Ag metal. We can set up the following strategy to calculate the quantity of electricity (in C) needed to deposit 0.67 g of Ag.

grams Ag ( mol Ag ( mol e( ( coulombs

19.51The half-reaction is:Co2 2e( ( Co

The half-reaction tells us that 2 moles of electrons are needed to reduce 1 mol of Co2 to Co metal. We can set up the following strategy to calculate the quantity of electricity (in C) needed to deposit 2.35 g of Co.

19.52(a)First find the amount of charge needed to produce 2.00 g of silver according to the half(reaction:

Ag(aq) e( Ag(s)

The half(reaction for the reduction of copper(II) is:

Cu2(aq) 2e( Cu(s)

From the amount of charge calculated above, we can calculate the mass of copper deposited in the second cell.

(b)We can calculate the current flowing through the cells using the following strategy.

Coulombs ( Coulombs/hour ( Coulombs/second

Recall that 1 C 1 A(s

The current flowing through the cells is:

19.53The half-reaction for the oxidation of chloride ion is:

2Cl((aq) ( Cl2(g) 2e(

First, let's calculate the moles of e( flowing through the cell in one hour.

Next, let's calculate the hourly production rate of chlorine gas (in kg). Note that the anode efficiency is 93.0%.

19.54Step 1:Balance the half(reaction.

Cr2O72((aq) 14H(aq) 12e( 2Cr(s) 7H2O(l)

Step 2:Calculate the quantity of chromium metal by calculating the volume and converting this to mass using the given density.

Volume Cr thickness ( surface area

Converting to cm3,

Next, calculate the mass of Cr.

Mass density ( volume

Step 3:Find the number of moles of electrons required to electrodeposit 18 g of Cr from solution. The half-reaction is:

Cr2O72((aq) 14H(aq) 12e( 2Cr(s) 7H2O(l)

Six moles of electrons are required to reduce 1 mol of Cr metal. But, we are electrodepositing less than 1 mole of Cr(s). We need to complete the following conversions:

g Cr ( mol Cr ( mol e(

Step 4:Determine how long it will take for 2.1 moles of electrons to flow through the cell when the current is 25.0 C/s. We need to complete the following conversions:

mol e( ( coulombs ( seconds ( hours

Think About It: Would any time be saved by connecting several bumpers together in a series?

19.55The quantity of charge passing through the solution is:

Since the charge of the copper ion is 2, the number of moles of copper formed must be:

The units of molar mass are grams per mole. The molar mass of copper is:

63.3 g/mol19.56Based on the half-reaction, we know that one faraday will produce half a mole of copper.

Cu2(aq) 2e( Cu(s)

First, we calculate the charge (in C) needed to deposit 0.300 g of Cu.

We know that one faraday will produce half a mole of copper, but we dont have a half a mole of copper. We have:

We calculated the number of coulombs (912 C) needed to produce 4.72 ( 10(3 mol of Cu. How many coulombs will it take to produce 0.500 moles of Cu? This will be Faradays constant.

19.57The number of faradays supplied is:

Since we need three faradays to reduce one mole of X3, the molar mass of X must be:

27.0 g/mol19.58First we can calculate the number of moles of hydrogen produced using the ideal gas equation.

The number of faradays passed through the solution is:

19.63(a)The half-reactions are:H2(g) ( 2H(aq) 2e(

Ni2(aq) 2e( ( Ni(s)

The complete balanced equation is:H2(g) Ni2(aq) ( 2H(aq) Ni(s)

Ni(s) is below and to the right of H(aq) in Table 19.1 of the text (see the half-reactions at (0.25 and 0.00 V). Therefore, the spontaneous reaction is the reverse of the above reaction; therefore, the reaction will proceed to the left.(b)The half-reactions are:5e( 8H(aq) MnO(aq) ( Mn2(aq) 4H2O

2Cl((aq) ( Cl2(g) 2e(

The complete balanced equation is:

16H(aq) 2MnO4((aq) 10Cl((aq) ( 2Mn2(aq) 8H2O 5Cl2(g)

In Table 19.1 of the text, Cl((aq) is below and to the right of MnO4((aq); therefore the spontaneous reaction is as written. The reaction will proceed to the right.

(c)The half-reactions are:Cr(s) ( Cr3(aq) 3e(

Zn2(aq) 2e( ( Zn(s)

The complete balanced equation is:2Cr(s) 3Zn2(aq) ( 2Cr3(aq) 3Zn(s)

In Table 19.1 of the text, Zn(s) is below and to the right of Cr3(aq); therefore the spontaneous reaction is the reverse of the reaction as written. The reaction will proceed to the left.19.64The balanced equation is:

Cr2O72( 6 Fe2 14H 2Cr3 6Fe3 7H2O

The remainder of this problem is a solution stoichiometry problem.

The number of moles of potassium dichromate in 26.0 mL of the solution is:

From the balanced equation it can be seen that 1 mole of dichromate is stoichiometrically equivalent to 6 moles of iron(II). The number of moles of iron(II) oxidized is therefore

Finally, the molar concentration of Fe2 is:

19.65The balanced equation is:

5SO2(g) 2MnO4((aq) 2H2O(l) ( 5SO42((aq) 2Mn2(aq) 4H(aq)

The mass of SO2 in the water sample is given by

0.00944 g SO219.66The balanced equation is:

MnO4( 5Fe2 8H Mn2 5Fe3 4H2O

First, we calculate the number of moles of potassium permanganate in 23.30 mL of solution.

From the balanced equation it can be seen that 1 mole of permanganate is stoichiometrically equivalent to 5 moles of iron(II). The number of moles of iron(II) oxidized is therefore

The mass of Fe2 oxidized is:

Finally, the mass percent of iron in the ore can be calculated.

19.67(a)The balanced equation is:

2MnO 6H 5H2O2 ( 2Mn2 8H2O 5O2

(b)The number of moles of potassium permanganate in 36.44 mL of the solution is

From the balanced equation it can be seen that in this particular reaction 2 moles of permanganate is stoichiometrically equivalent to 5 moles of hydrogen peroxide. The number of moles of H2O2 oxidized is therefore

The molar concentration of H2O2 is:

19.68(a)The half(reactions are:

(i)MnO(aq) 8H(aq) 5e( Mn2(aq) 4H2O(l)

(ii)C2O42((aq) 2CO2(g) 2e(

We combine the half-reactions to cancel electrons, that is, [2 ( equation (i)] [5 ( equation (ii)]

2MnO4((aq) 16H(aq) 5C2O42((aq) 2Mn2(aq) 10CO2(g) 8H2O(l)

(b)We can calculate the moles of KMnO4 from the molarity and volume of solution.

We can calculate the mass of oxalic acid from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. The mole ratio between oxalate ion and permanganate ion is 5:2.

Finally, the percent by mass of oxalic acid in the sample is:

19.69The balanced equation is:

2MnO 5C2O 16H 2Mn2 10CO2 8H2O

Therefore, 2 mol MnO reacts with 5 mol C2O

Recognize that the mole ratio of Ca2 to C2O is 1:1 in CaC2O4. The mass of Ca2 in 10.0 mL is:

Finally, converting to mg/mL, we have:

0.232 mg Ca2+/mL blood

19.70E(GCell Reaction

> 0< 0spontaneous

< 0> 0nonspontaneous

0 0at equilibrium19.71The solubility equilibrium of AgBr is:AgBr(s) Ag(aq) Br((aq)

By reversing the first given half-reaction and adding it to the first, we obtain:

Ag(s) ( Ag(aq) e(

AgBr(s) e( ( Ag(s) Br((aq)

AgBr(s) Ag(aq) Br((aq)

At equilibrium, we have:

log Ksp (12.33

Ksp 10(12.33 = 5 ( 10(13

(Note that this value differs from that given in Table 17.4 of the text, since the data quoted here were obtained from a student's lab report.)

19.72(a)The half(reactions are:

2H(aq) 2e( H2(g)

Ag(aq) e( Ag(s)

(b)The spontaneous cell reaction under standard-state conditions is:

2Ag(aq) H2(g) 2Ag(s) 2H(aq)

(c)Using the Nernst equation we can calculate the cell potential under nonstandard-state conditions.

(i) The potential is:

E= 0.92 V

(ii) The potential is:

E= 1.10 V

(d)From the results in part (c), we deduce that this cell is a pH meter; its potential is a sensitive function of the hydrogen ion concentration. Each 1 unit increase in pH causes a voltage increase of 0.060 V.

19.73(a)If this were a standard cell, the concentrations would all be 1.00 M, and the voltage would just be the standard emf calculated from Table 19.1 of the text. Since cell emf's depend on the concentrations of the reactants and products, we must use the Nernst equation (Equation 19.7 of the text) to find the emf of a nonstandard cell.

E3.14 V

(b)First we calculate the concentration of silver ion remaining in solution after the deposition of 1.20 g of silver metal

Ag originally in solution:

Ag deposited:

Ag remaining in solution:(3.46 ( 10(2 mol Ag) ( (1.11 ( 10(2 mol Ag) 2.35 ( 10(2 mol Ag

The overall reaction is:Mg(s) 2Ag(aq) ( Mg2(aq) 2Ag(s)

We use the balanced equation to find the amount of magnesium metal suffering oxidation and dissolving.

The amount of magnesium originally in solution was

The new magnesium ion concentration is:

The new cell emf is:

E3.13 V19.74The overvoltage of oxygen is not large enough to prevent its formation at the anode. Applying the diagonal rule, we see that water is oxidized before fluoride ion.

F2(g) 2e( 2F((aq)E( 2.87 V

O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e( 2H2O(l)E( 1.23 V

The very positive standard reduction potential indicates that F( has essentially no tendency to undergo oxidation. The oxidation potential of chloride ion is much smaller ((1.36 V), and hence Cl2(g) can be prepared by electrolyzing a solution of NaCl.

This fact was one of the major obstacles preventing the discovery of fluorine for many years. HF was usually chosen as the substance for electrolysis, but two problems interfered with the experiment. First, any water in the HF was oxidized before the fluoride ion. Second, pure HF without any water in it is a nonconductor of electricity (HF is a weak acid!). The problem was finally solved by dissolving KF in liquid HF to give a conducting solution.

19.75The cell voltage is given by:

Ecell0.035 V19.76We can calculate the amount of charge that 4.0 g of MnO2 can produce.

Since a current of one ampere represents a flow of one coulomb per second, we can find the time it takes for this amount of charge to pass.

0.0050 A 0.0050 C/s

19.77Since this is a concentration cell, the standard emf is zero. (Why?) Using Equation 19.6, we can write equations to calculate the cell voltage for the two cells.

(1)

(2)

In the first case, two electrons are transferred per mercury ion (n 2), while in the second only one is transferred (n 1). Note that the concentration ratio will be 1:10 in both cases. The voltages calculated at 18(C are:

(1)

(2)

Since the calculated cell potential for cell (1) agrees with the measured cell emf, we conclude that the mercury(I) is Hg22.

19.78According to the following standard reduction potentials:

O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e( ( 2H2OE( 1.23 V

I2(s) 2e( ( 2I((aq)E( 0.53 V

we see that it is easier to oxidize the iodide ion than water (because O2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than I2). Therefore, the anode reaction is:

2I((aq) ( I2(s) 2e(

The solution surrounding the anode will become brown because of the formation of the triiodide ion:

I( I2(s) ( I3((aq)

The cathode reaction will be the same as in the NaCl electrolysis. (Why?) Since OH( is a product, the solution around the cathode will become basic which will cause the phenolphthalein indicator to turn red.

19.79We begin by treating this like an ordinary stoichiometry problem (see Chapter 3).

Step 1:Calculate the number of moles of Mg and Ag.

The number of moles of magnesium is:

The number of moles of silver ion in the solution is:

Step 2:Calculate the mass of Mg remaining by determining how much Mg reacts with Ag.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

2Ag(aq) Mg(s) 2Ag(s) Mg2(aq)

Since you need twice as much Ag compared to Mg for complete reaction, Ag is the limiting reagent. The amount of Mg consumed is:

The amount of magnesium remaining is:

Step 3:Assuming complete reaction, calculate the concentration of Mg2 ions produced.

Since the mole ratio between Mg and Mg2 is 1:1, the mol of Mg2 formed will equal the mol of Mg reacted. The concentration of Mg2 is:

Step 4:We can calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction from the standard cell emf.

We can then compute the equilibrium constant.

Step 5:To find equilibrium concentrations of Mg2 and Ag, we have to solve an equilibrium problem.

Let x be the small amount of Mg2 that reacts to achieve equilibrium. The concentration of Ag will be 2x at equilibrium. Assume that essentially all Ag has been reduced so that the initial concentration of Ag is zero.

2Ag(aq) Mg(s) 2Ag(s) Mg2(aq)

Initial (M):0.00000.0500

Change (M):

2x(x

Equilibrium (M):2x(0.0500 ( x)

We can assume 0.0500 ( x ( 0.0500.

(2x)2 5.00 ( 10(109 50.0 ( 10(110

2x 7 ( 10(55 M

[Ag] 2x 7 ( 10(55 M

[Mg2] 0.0500 ( x 0.0500 M19.80Weigh the zinc and copper electrodes before operating the cell and re-weigh afterwards. The anode (Zn) should lose mass and the cathode (Cu) should gain mass.

19.81(a)Since this is an acidic solution, the gas must be hydrogen gas from the reduction of hydrogen ion. The two electrode reactions and the overall cell reaction are:

anode:Cu(s) Cu2(aq) 2e(

cathode:2H(aq) 2e( H2(g)

Cu(s) 2H(aq) Cu2(aq) H2(g)

Since 0.584 g of copper was consumed, the amount of hydrogen gas produced is:

At STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 22.41 L. Thus, the volume of hydrogen gas at STP is:

(b)From the current and the time, we can calculate the amount of charge:

Since we know the charge of an electron, we can compute the number of electrons.

Using the amount of copper consumed in the reaction and the fact that 2 mol of e( are produced for every 1 mole of copper consumed, we can calculate Avogadro's number.

6.09 ( 1023 e(/mol e(

In practice, Avogadro's number can be determined by electrochemical experiments like this. The charge of the electron can be found independently by Millikan's experiment.

19.82The reaction is:Al3 3e( ( Al

First, we calculate the number of coulombs of electricity that must pass through the cell to deposit 60.2 g of Al.

The time (in min) needed to pass this much charge is:

19.83(a)We can calculate (G( from standard free energies of formation.

(G 0 (6)((237.2 kJ/mol) ( [(4)((16.6 kJ/mol) 0]

(G (1356.8 kJ/mol

(b)The half-reactions are:

4NH3(g) 2N2(g) 12H(aq) 12e(

3O2(g) 12H(aq) 12e( 6H2O(l)

The overall reaction is a 12-electron process. We can calculate the standard cell emf from the standard free energy change, (G(.

19.84Cathode:Au3(aq) 3e( ( Au(s)

Anode:2H2O(l) ( O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e(

(a)First, from the amount of gold deposited, we can calculate the moles of O2 produced. Then, using the ideal gas equation, we can calculate the volume of O2.

(b)

19.85The reduction of Ag to Ag metal is:

Ag(aq) e( Ag

We can calculate both the moles of Ag deposited and the moles of Au deposited.

We do not know the oxidation state of Au ions, so we will represent the ions as Aun. If we divide the mol of Ag by the mol of Au, we can determine the ratio of Ag reduced compared to Aun reduced.

That is, the same number of electrons that reduced the Ag ions to Ag reduced only one-third the number of moles of the Aun ions to Au. Thus, each Aun required three electrons per ion for every one electron for Ag. The oxidation state for the gold ion is 3; the ion is Au3.

Au3(aq) 3e( Au

19.86Heating the garage will melt the snow on the car which is contaminated with salt. The aqueous salt will hasten corrosion.

19.87We reverse the first half(reaction and add it to the second to come up with the overall balanced equation

Hg22 2Hg2 2e(

Hg22 2e( 2Hg

2Hg22 2Hg2 2Hg

Since the standard cell potential is an intensive property,

Hg22(aq) Hg2(aq) Hg(l)

We calculate (G( from E(.

(G( (nFE( ((1)(96500 J/V(mol)((0.07 V) 6.8 kJ/mol

The corresponding equilibrium constant is:

We calculate K from (G(.

(G( (RTln K

K 0.06419.88(a)Anode2F( ( F2(g) 2e(

Cathode2H 2e( ( H2(g)

Overall:2H 2F( ( H2(g) F2(g)

(b)KF increases the electrical conductivity (what type of electrolyte is HF(l))? The K is not reduced.

(c)Calculating the moles of F2

Using the ideal gas law:

19.89The reactions for the electrolysis of NaCl(aq) are:

Anode:2Cl((aq) Cl2(g) 2e(

Cathode:2H2O(l) 2e( H2(g) 2OH((aq)

Overall:2H2O(l) 2Cl((aq) H2(g) Cl2(g) 2OH((aq)

From the pH of the solution, we can calculate the OH( concentration. From the [OH(], we can calculate the moles of OH( produced. Then, from the moles of OH( we can calculate the average current used.

pH 12.24

pOH 14.00 ( 12.24 1.76

[OH(] 1.74 ( 10(2 M

The moles of OH( produced are:

From the balanced equation, it takes 1 mole of e( to produce 1 mole of OH( ions.

Recall that 1 C 1 A(s

19.90(a)Anode:Cu(s) ( Cu2(aq) 2e(

Cathode:Cu2(aq) 2e( ( Cu(s)

The overall reaction is:Cu(s) ( Cu(s)Cu is transferred from the anode to cathode.

(b)Consulting Table 19.1 of the text, the Zn will be oxidized, but Zn2 will not be reduced at the cathode. Ag will not be oxidized at the anode.

(c)The moles of Cu:

The coulombs required:

The time required:

19.91The reaction is:

Ptn ne( Pt

Thus, we can calculate the charge of the platinum ions by realizing that n mol of e( are required per mol of Pt formed.

The moles of Pt formed are:

Next, calculate the charge passed in C.

Convert to moles of electrons.

We now know the number of moles of electrons (0.187 mol e() needed to produce 0.0466 mol of Pt metal. We can calculate the number of moles of electrons needed to produce 1 mole of Pt metal.

Since we need 4 moles of electrons to reduce 1 mole of Pt ions, the charge on the Pt ions must be 4.

19.92Using the standard reduction potentials found in Table 19.1

Cd2(aq 2e( ( Cd(s)E( (0.40 V

Mg2(aq) 2e( ( Mg(s)E( (2.37 V

Thus Cd2 will oxidize Mg so that the magnesium half-reaction occurs at the anode.

Mg(s) Cd2(aq) ( Mg2(aq) Cd(s)

19.93The half(reaction for the oxidation of water to oxygen is:

2H2O(l) O2(g) 4H(aq) 4e(

Knowing that one mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.41 L, we find the number of moles of oxygen.

Since four electrons are required to form one oxygen molecule, the number of electrons must be:

The amount of charge passing through the solution is:

We find the electron charge by dividing the amount of charge by the number of electrons.

In actual fact, this sort of calculation can be used to find Avogadro's number, not the electron charge. The latter can be measured independently, and one can use this charge together with electrolytic data like the above to calculate the number of objects in one mole. See also Problem 19.81.

19.94(a)Au(s) 3HNO3(aq) 4HCl(aq) ( HAuCl4(aq) 3H2O(l) 3NO2(g)

(b)The function of HCl is to increase the acidity and to form the stable complex ion, AuCl4(.

19.95Cells of higher voltage require very reactive oxidizing and reducing agents, which are difficult to handle. (From Table 19.1 of the text, we see that 5.92 V is the theoretical limit of a cell made up of Li/Li and F2/F( electrodes under standard-state conditions.) Batteries made up of several cells in series are easier to use.

19.96The overall cell reaction is:

2Ag(aq) H2(g) ( 2Ag(s) 2H(aq)

We write the Nernst equation for this system.

The measured voltage is 0.0589 V, and we can find the silver ion concentration as follows:

[Ag] 2.8 ( 10(4 M

Knowing the silver ion concentration, we can calculate the oxalate ion concentration and the solubility product constant.

Ksp [Ag]2[C2O42(] (2.8 ( 10(4)2(1.4 ( 10(4) 1.1 ( 10(1119.97The half-reactions are:

Zn(s) 4OH((aq) ( Zn(OH)42((aq) 2e(

Zn2(aq) 2e( ( Zn(s)

Zn2(aq) 4OH((aq) ( Zn(OH)42((aq)

Kf2 ( 102019.98The half reactions are:

H2O2(aq) ( O2(g) 2H(aq) 2e(

H2O2(aq) 2H(aq) 2e( ( 2H2O(l)

2H2O2(aq) ( 2H2O(l) O2(g)

Thus, products are favored at equilibrium. H2O2 is not stable (it disproportionates).

19.99(a)Since electrons flow from X to SHE, E for X is negative. Thus E for Y is positive.

(b)Y2 2e( ( Y

X ( X2 2e(

X Y2 ( X2 Y

19.100(a)The half reactions are:

Sn4(aq) 2e( ( Sn2(aq)

2Tl(s) ( Tl(aq) e(

Sn4(aq) 2Tl(s) ( Sn2(aq) 2Tl(aq)

(b)

K 8 ( 1015

(c)

19.101(a)Gold does not tarnish in air because the reduction potential for oxygen is not sufficiently positive to result in the oxidation of gold.

O2 4H 4e( ( 2H2O

That is, for either oxidation by O2 to Au or Au3.

or

(b)3(Au e( ( Au)

Au ( Au3 3e(

3Au ( 2Au Au3

Calculating (G,

(G( (nFE( ((3)(96,500 J/V(mol)(0.19 V) (55.0 kJ/mol

For spontaneous electrochemical equations, (G( must be negative. Yes, the disproportionation occurs spontaneously.

(c)Since the most stable oxidation state for gold is Au3, the predicted reaction is:

2Au 3F2 ( 2AuF319.102It is mercury ion in solution that is extremely hazardous. Since mercury metal does not react with hydrochloric acid (the acid in gastric juice), it does not dissolve and passes through the human body unchanged. Nitric acid (not part of human gastric juices) dissolves mercury metal (see Problem 19.114); if nitric acid were secreted by the stomach, ingestion of mercury metal would be fatal.

19.103The balanced equation is: 5Fe2 MnO4( 8H Mn2 5Fe3 4 H2O

Calculate the amount of iron(II) in the original solution using the mole ratio from the balanced equation.

The concentration of iron(II) must be:

The total iron concentration can be found by simple proportion because the same sample volume (25.0 mL) and the same KMnO4 solution were used.

[Fe3] [Fe]total ( [Fe2] 0.0680 M

Think About It: Why are the two titrations with permanganate necessary in this problem?

19.104Viewed externally, the anode looks negative because of the flow of the electrons (from Zn ( Zn2 2e() toward the cathode. In solution, anions move toward the anode because they are attracted by the Zn2 ions surrounding the anode.

19.105From Table 19.1 of the text.

H2O2(aq) 2H(aq) 2e( ( 2H2O(l)

H2O2(aq) ( O2(g) 2H(aq) 2e(

2H2O2(aq) ( 2H2O(l) O2(g)

Because E( is positive, the decomposition is spontaneous.

19.106(a)The overall reaction is:Pb PbO2 H2SO4 ( 2PbSO4 2H2O

Initial mass of H2SO4:

Final mass of H2SO4:

Mass of H2SO4 reacted 355 g ( 224 g 131 g

(b)

19.107(a) unchanged (b) unchanged (c) squared (d) doubled (e) doubled

19.108(a)

(b)

19.109F2 (g) 2H (aq) 2e( ( 2HF (g)

With increasing [H], E will be larger. As [H] increases, F2 does become a stronger oxidizing agent.

19.110Advantages:

(a)No start-up problems,(b)much quieter,(c)no pollution (smog),

(d)more energy efficient in the sense that when the car is not moving (for example at a traffic light), no electricity is consumed.

Disadvantages:

(a)Driving range is more limited than automobiles,

(b)total mass of batteries is appreciable,

(c)production of electricity needed to charge the batteries leads to pollution.

19.111Pb ( Pb2 2e(

2H 2e( ( H2

Pb 2H ( Pb2 H2

pH 1.60

[H] 10(1.60 0.025 M

19.112(a)At the anode (Mg):Mg ( Mg2 2e(

Also:Mg 2HCl ( MgCl2 H2

At the cathode (Cu):2H 2e( ( H2

(b)The solution does not turn blue.

(c)After all the HCl has been neutralized, the white precipitate is:

Mg2 2OH( ( Mg(OH)2(s)

19.113(a)The half-reactions are:

Anode:Zn ( Zn2 2e(

Cathode:

O2 2e( ( O2(

Overall:Zn O2 ( ZnO

To calculate the standard emf, we first need to calculate (G( for the reaction. From Appendix 2 of the text we write:

(G( (318.2 kJ/mol ( [0 0]

(G( (318.2 kJ/mol

(G( (nFE(

(318.2 ( 103 J/mol ((2)(96,500 J/V(mol)E(

E 1.65 V

(b)We use Equation 19.7 from the text:

E 1.65 V ( 0.020 V

E 1.63 V

(c)Since the free energy change represents the maximum work that can be extracted from the overall reaction, the maximum amount of energy that can be obtained from this reaction is the free energy change. To calculate the energy density, we multiply the free energy change by the number of moles of Zn present in 1 kg of Zn.

(d)One ampere is 1 C/s. The charge drawn every second is given by nF.

charge nF

2.1 ( 105 C n(96,500 C/mol e()

n 2.2 mol e(

From the overall balanced reaction, we see that 4 moles of electrons will reduce 1 mole of O2; therefore, the number of moles of O2 reduced by 2.2 moles of electrons is:

The volume of oxygen at 1.0 atm partial pressure can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation.

Since air is 21 percent oxygen by volume, the volume of air required every second is:

Vair64 L air19.114(a)HCl: First, we write the half-reactions.

Oxidation:2Hg(l) Hg22(1 M) 2e(

Reduction:2H(1 M) 2e( H2(1 atm)

Overall:2Hg(l) 2H(1 M) Hg22(1 M) H2(1 atm)

The standard emf, E(, is given by

E( 0 ( 0.85 V

E( (0.85V

(We omit the subscript cell because this reaction is not carried out in an electrochemical cell.) Since E( is negative, we conclude that mercury is not oxidized by hydrochloric acid under standard-state conditions.

(b)HNO3: The reactions are:

Oxidation:3[2Hg(l) Hg22(1 M) 2e(]

Reduction:2[NO3((1 M) 4H(1 M) 3e( NO(1 atm) 2H2O(l)

Overall:6Hg(l) 2NO3((1 M) 8H(1 M) 3Hg22(1 M) 2NO(1 atm) 4H2O(l)

Thus,

E( 0.96V ( 0.85V

E( 0.11V

Since E( is positive, products are favored at equilibrium under standard-state conditions.

The test tube on the left contains HNO3 and Hg. HNO3 can oxidize Hg and the product NO reacts with oxygen to form the brown gas NO2.

19.115We can calculate using the following equation (Equation 18.12).

Next, we can calculate E( using the equation

(G( (nFE(

We use a more accurate value for Faraday's constant.

293.8 ( 103 J/mol ((1)(96485.338 J/V(mol)E(

E( (3.05 V

19.116(a)First, we calculate the coulombs of electricity that pass through the cell.

We see that for every mole of Cu formed at the cathode, 2 moles of electrons are needed. The grams of Cu produced at the cathode are:

(b)8.2 g of Cu is 0.13 mole of Cu. The moles of Cu2 in the original solution are:

The mole ratio between Cu2 and Cu is 1:1, so the moles of Cu2 remaining in solution are:

moles Cu2 remaining 0.218 mol ( 0.13 mol 0.088 mol Cu2

The concentration of Cu2 remaining is:

19.117First, we need to calculate , then we can calculate K from the cell potential.

H2(g) ( 2H(aq) 2e(

2H2O(l) 2e( ( H2(g) 2OH(

2H2O(l) ( 2H(aq) 2OH((aq)

We want to calculate K for the reaction: H2O(l) ( H(aq) OH((aq). The cell potential for this reaction will be the same as the above reaction, but the moles of electrons transferred, n, will equal one.

Kw1 ( 10(1419.118H2/O2 Fuel Cell

Pros:(1)Almost inexhaustible supplies of H2 (from H2O) and O2 (from air).

(2)There is no pollution because the product generated is H2O.

(3)There is no thermal pollution.

Cons:(1)A large input of energy is required to generate H2.

(2)Storage of hydrogen gas is problematic.

(3)Electrocatalysts are expensive.

(4)The impact of appreciable leakage of H2 into the atmosphere is uncertain. How will H2 affect climate and O3 in the stratosphere?

Coal-fired Power Station

Pros:(1)Large deposits of coal.

(2)Technology available at acceptable cost. Use of coal and oil are interchangeable.

Cons:(1)The emission pollution to the environment (CO2, NOx, SO2, Hg, etc.) leads to global warming, acid rain, and smog.

(2)Combustion reactions cause thermal pollution.

(3)Mining coal is unsafe and damaging to the environment.

19.119(a)1A(h 1A ( 3600s 3600 C

(b)Anode: Pb SO ( PbSO4 2e(

Two moles of electrons are produced by 1 mole of Pb. Recall that the charge of 1 mol e( is 96,500 C. We can set up the following conversions to calculate the capacity of the battery.

mol Pb ( mol e( ( coulombs ( ampere hour

105 A(h

This ampere(hour cannot be fully realized because the concentration of H2SO4 keeps decreasing.

(c)

(From Table 19.1 of the text)

(G( (nFE(

(G( ((2)(96500 J/V(mol)(2.01 V) (3.88 ( 105 J/mol = (388 kJ/mol19.120First, we start with Equation 19.3 of the text.

(G( (nFE(

Then, we substitute into Equation 18.10 of the text.

(G( (H( ( T(S(

(nFE( (H( ( T(S(

The reaction is: Zn(s) Cu2(aq) ( Zn2(aq) Cu(s)

We use data in Appendix 2 of the text to calculate (H( and (S(.

(H( 0 ((152.4 kJ/mol) ( (0 64.39 kJ/mol) (216.8 kJ/mol

(S( S((Cu(s)) S((Zn2(aq)) ( [S((Zn(s)) S((Cu2(aq))]

(S( 33.3 J/K(mol ((106.48 J/K(mol) ( (41.6 J/K(mol ( 99.6 J/K(mol) (15.2 J/K(mol

At 298 K (25(C),

At 353 K (80(C),

This calculation shows that E( is practically independent of temperature. In practice, E( does decrease more noticeably with temperature. The reason is that we have assumed (H( and (S( to be independent of temperature, which is technically not correct.

19.121The surface area of an open cylinder is 2rh. The surface area of the culvert is

Converting to units of cm2,

The volume of the Zn layer is

The mass of Zn needed is

Zn2 2e( ( Zn

1 J 1 C 1 V

19.122(a)The half-cell reactions are:

anode:2I( ( I2 2e(

cathode:2H2O 2e( ( H2 2OH(

(b)Q It

(c)The white precipitate is Mg(OH)2.

Mg2(aq) 2OH((aq) ( Mg(OH)2(s)

From Table 17.4 of the text, we see that Mg(OH)2 is insoluble (Ksp 1.2 10(11) From the cathode half-cell reaction,

[Mg2] 0.200 M

We assume that all of the OH( ions are converted to Mg(OH)2 (hydroxide ion is the limiting reagent).

Mg2 2OH( ( Mg(OH)2

Because the mole ratio between OH( and Mg(OH)2 is 2:1, the moles of Mg(OH)2 produced is 0.05094 mole.

The mass of Mg(OH)2 produced is:

19.123It might appear that because the sum of the first two half-reactions gives Equation (3), is given by This is not the case, however, because emf is not an extensive property. We cannot set On the other hand, the Gibbs energy is an extensive property, so we can add the separate Gibbs energy changes to obtain the overall Gibbs energy change.

Substituting the relationship (G( (nFE(, we obtain

n1 2, n2 1, and n3 3.

19.124(a)From the E( values in Table 19.1 of the text, we see that Al can reduce Ag; Al ( Al3 3e(; Ag e( ( Ag

Al 3Ag ( Al3 3Ag

(b)A NaHCO3 solution is basic. The surplus OH( ions will convert Al3 ions to Al(OH)3, which precipitates out of solution. Otherwise, the Al3 ions would form Al2O3, which increases the tenacious oxide layer over the aluminum foil, thus preventing further electrochemical reaction. (The Al2O3 layer is responsible for preventing aluminum beverage cans from corroding.)

(c)Heating the solution speeds up the process and drives air (oxygen) out of solution which minimizes Al2O3 formation.

(d)HCl reacts with Ag2S.

2HCl Ag2S ( H2S 2AgCl

The H2S gas has an unpleasant odor (and in fact is poisonous). Also, this method removes Ag from the spoon as AgCl. The method described in part (a) does not.

19.125First, calculate the standard emf of the cell from the standard reduction potentials in Table 19.1 of the text. Then, calculate the equilibrium constant from the standard emf using Equation 19.5 of the text.

K 1037.2 = 2 ( 1037

The very large equilibrium constant means that the oxidation of Zn by Cu2 is virtually complete.19.126 Using Equation 18.12 and (G values from Appendix 2, to find the Gibbs free energy change for the oxidation of one mole of glucose. (Note that this assumes the water formed is liquid.)

(G= [6((394.4) + 6((237.2)] ( ((910.56) = (2879.0 kJ/mol

The formation of cyt c(Fe3+) from cyt c(Fe2+) is the reverse of the process given in the problem. Therefore, the E( for the formation of cyt c(Fe3+) is (0.254 V. We use Equation 19.3 to convert the (G( for oxidation of glucose to an E( value.

(G( = (nFE

E( =

The number of electrons transferred is 24. Therefore, expressing (G( in joules for proper unit cancellation (recall that 1 V = 1 J/1 C),

moles cyt c(Fe3+) formed4.88 mol cyt c(Fe3+)

19.127Strategy:According to Section 18.7 of the text, 31 kJ of free energy are required to convert 1 mole ADP to ATP:

ADP + H3PO4 ( ATP + H2O (G( = 31 kJ/mol

To determine the number of moles of ATP that can be produced, calculate the amount of free energy from the oxidation of 1 mole of nitrite and divide this energy by 31 kJ/mol.

Solution:Assume that the nitrite, nitrate, ADP, and ATP are present in their standard states. The overall reaction for converting the nitrite to nitrate is

.

Use Equation 19.3 to relate (E( to (G(:

Since the oxidation of 2 moles of nitrite provide 310 kJ of free energy, then

.

19.128Strategy:We wish to compute (E( for the half-reaction F2(g) + 2e ( 2F(aq). Following the method used in Problem 19.115, we consider the hypothetical reaction of F2 with H2:

.

The half-reactions are:

.

First, calculate (G for the hypothetical reaction using the data in Appendix 2 and then use that result in Equation 19.3 to solve for (E.

Solution:Calculate (G for the reaction :

Substitute into Equation 19.3 and solve for (E:

This result is equal to the value given in Table 19.1.

19.129The reduction potential of a half-cell is temperature-dependent. A small non-zero emf will appear if the temperatures of the two half-cells are different.

2Fe2 ( 2Fe3 2e(

H2O2 2H 2e( ( 2H2O

2H H2O2 2Fe2 ( 2Fe3 2H2O

3Cu ( 3Cu2 6e(

6H 2HNO3 6e( ( 2NO 4H2O

6H 2HNO3 3Cu ( 3Cu2 2NO 4H2O

3H2O + 3CN( ( 3CNO( + 6e(

6e( + 2MnOEMBED Equation.DSMT4 ( 2MnO2 + 4H2O

3CN( 2MnOEMBED Equation.DSMT4 ( 3CNO( 2MnO2 H2O

Mg anode

Cd cathode

e(

e(

salt

bridge

Spoon (cathode)

Pt anode

AgNO3 solution

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ( 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

(GEMBED Equation.DSMT4(kJ/mol) (910.56 0 (394.4 (237.2

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