Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
3
Transcript of Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.
![Page 1: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 19:
Air Pollution and Noise
Living and Working in a Healthy Environment
![Page 2: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Image from www.collegesherbrooke.qc.ca/~graphycs/martinaube.html
Sources of air pollution
![Page 3: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Sources of air pollutionEmissions
Anthropogenic (manmade): Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, industrial processes, etc.
Biogenic: Emissions from vegetation, soil, wildlife, forest fires, etc.
Other natural: Volcanos, lightning, sea salt, meteors, windblown dust, etc.
Photochemical production from other compounds in atmosphere (“secondary source”)
Transport: If considering only troposphere, then transport from stratosphere is a source
![Page 4: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
NO
NO2
HO2
OH
CO2, etc.
CO, VOC
O3
Primary & secondary pollutants
Primary(e.g., lead)
Secondary
VOC NOx O3
Primary: Emitted directly to the atmosphereSecondary: Forms in the atmosphere
![Page 5: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sources of the 5 major pollutants in the U.S
Note: Historically, the 6th Major Pollutant was lead.
![Page 6: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Source and Composition of Particulates
sulfates, ash
sea salt
meteoritic material
Soot, NOx, VOCs
Soot, organic
soot
methane, ammonia
soot
Soot, sulfates, VOCs
Minerals, clays
![Page 7: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Emission events (Nov. 18, 2008)Textruve Plant on 2001 Sheldon Road (Channelview, TX)
Picture taken at 4:00 pm from 20 miles awayPicture taken at 6:00 pm on site
![Page 8: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Impacts: Ozone and PM2.5 Non-Attainment
Source: U.S. EPAU.S. EPA, 2006
![Page 9: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
50
100
150
200
250
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
10
20
30
40
50
Year
PM
2.5 a
nnua
l ave
rage
con
c. (g
/m3)
Annual average
NAAQS (15 g/m3)
Ma
xim
um
PM
2.5 c
on
cen
tra
tion
(g
/m3 )
24hour NAAQS (35 g/m3)
Very close to non-attainment
Fine PM levels in Clinton Drive (Houston, TX)
![Page 10: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Let’s consider those compounds that the Federal Government regulates National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Texas Air Quality
![Page 11: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Lecture 32Texas Air Quality
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.national
![Page 12: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
U.S. Federal Regulation of Air Pollution
Air pollution Control Act of 1955Clean Air Act of 1963Amendment to CAA - Motor Vehicle Air
pollution Control Act of 19651970 Clean Air Amendments and formation of
the EPA. 1975 catalytic converter developed.
![Page 13: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
U.S. pollution trends since 1977
Signs that regulation works!
![Page 14: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stratospheric ozone—The good ozone
![Page 15: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of SMOG
1.Industrial London Smog – combination of smoke and fog
- At the end of the 1800’s, 40% less sunlight in London than surrounding towns
- Health effects- Vitamin D deficiency, Rickets, Tubercolosis
![Page 16: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2. Photochemical Smog
Consists mainly of secondary pollutants: Ozone (O3), NO2, VOCs
Forms when sunlight induces chemical changes in gases and aerosols
Causes poor visibility, burning eyes, sore lungs, worsen conditions of the heart and lungs, possible mortality.
![Page 17: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Photochemical and Industrial Smog
“LA Smog”:Brown-air smog in Los Angeles
“London Smog or Industrial Smog”Gray-air in New York City
© Dean D. Fetterolf/ShutterStock, Inc. © Chad Littlejohn/ShutterStock, Inc.
![Page 18: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Houston Case
• Which kind of smog do you think Houston has?
• Why is Houston different from London or LA case?
• How much do you think pollution from Houston will influence College Station?
![Page 19: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Photochemical Smog Ozone (O3) in the Troposphere
Most problematic air pollutant in many areas of the U.S.
Ozone is not directly emitted into the atmosphere, but instead forms through a complex series of reactions.
It is largely because of this complexity that ozone is so difficult to control.
![Page 20: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ozone chemistry(gas-phase only)
NO2 NO
O3
HO2
RO2OH
N2O5
NO3
HNO3
VOC
HONO
hn
H2Ohn H2O2
![Page 21: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NOx and VOC sources in the Greater Houston Area
![Page 24: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Ozone Non-attainment: Old standard
![Page 27: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Ozone Non-attainment: New standard
![Page 28: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
19.2 The Effects of Climate and Topography on Air Pollution
Air pollution levels in a region are affected by a number of factors, among them:
Temperature Sunlight Wind Other climate factors
They are also affected by the topography.
![Page 29: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
FIGURE 05a: Temperature profiles: normal pattern
![Page 30: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
FIGURE 05b: Temperature profiles: temperature inversion
![Page 31: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Health Effects of Air Pollution
FIGURE 6: Urban air pollution and incidence of emphysema in Winnipeg and St. Louis
![Page 32: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Effects on Plants and Nonhuman Animals
FIGURE 7:Trees killed by acid deposition in
Pisgah Nation Forest, North Carolina
© Jerry Whaley/age fotostock
![Page 33: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Power Plant NOx Control:Staged Combustion
Low-NOx Burners: Precisely control combustion to reduce NOx
Natural gas reburn: Creates fuel-rich zone and radicals which destroy NOx
Over-fire air: Completes the combustion
Together, can reduce NOx by ~50-75% US DOE NETL
![Page 34: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Power Plant Sulfur Dioxide Control• Initially dispersed by
tall chimneys– “Solution to pollution is
dilution”• Low sulfur coal
– Some coals (e.g., Western U.S.) contain less sulfur
• Flue Gas Desulfurization– Sorbent such as
limestone or lime is injected to remove 80-98% of SO2
– Cobenefit of reducing mercury emissions
– Byproduct can be used in wallboard, cement
– 3-7% energy penalty
Parish Power PlantUnit 8 FGD System
![Page 35: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Power Plant NOx Control:Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR)Ammonia is injected after boiler to convert NOx to N2 and water Requires catalyst Specific temperature
range
~85% NOx reduction
www.de-nox.com
![Page 36: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Automobile Emission Controls
3-way catalytic converter Reduces NOx, oxidizes CO and hydrocarbons
Oxygen sensor: Controls air-fuel ratioDiesel particulate filters and oxidation catalystsCleaner burning fuels
Unleaded gasoline: No lead emissions; preserves catalyst
Low sulfur fuels: Preserves catalyst Added oxygenates: Reduce CO
![Page 37: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Catalytic ConvertersA. Reduction Catalyst:
2NO N2 + O2
B. Oxidation Catalyst: 2CO + O2 2CO2
CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 xCO2 + (y/2)H2O
CO2 is dominant component of exhaust, not significantly affected by controls 19.4 lb CO2/gal gasoline; 22.2 lb/gal diesel
![Page 38: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Diesel Particulate Filter
Volkswagen
![Page 39: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Suspended particles are charged by electron field
Particles travel to collection plate
Plates are rapped to make PM fall to hoppers
~99% efficiencyceenve3.civeng.calpoly.edu/cota/ENVE411-ESP.html
![Page 40: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
19.5 Noise: The Forgotten Pollutant
Sound is characterized by loudness (measured in decibels) and pitch (how high or low it is).
![Page 41: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
How Loud is Too Loud?
Prolonged exposure to any noise above 85 decibels (dB) can cause gradual hearing loss.At higher decibel levels, hearing protection is strongly recommended.100 decibels - no more than 15 minutes prolonged exposure recommended110 decibels - regular exposure of more than one minute risks permanent hearing loss without hearing protection. www.warrencenter.org/howloud.html
www.warrencenter.org/howloud.html www.warrencenter.org/howloud.html
![Page 42: Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise Living and Working in a Healthy Environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d2c5503460f94a025bc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Indoor Air Pollution
FIGURE 14: Radon protection