Chapter Chapter 1919

Section 1:Section 1:

World Affairs, World Affairs, 1933-19391933-1939

New Deal Foreign PolicyNew Deal Foreign Policy

•At Inaugural 1933, FDR pledged the US would be a “good neighbor”.

•Pledged to respect the sovereign rights of all nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Franklin D.

Roosevelt

Recognition of the Recognition of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

US refused to recognize US refused to recognize Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

Russians encourage Russians encourage communism.communism.

By 1933, USSR was beset By 1933, USSR was beset by serious economic by serious economic problems.problems.

FDR felt a stronger FDR felt a stronger Soviet Union would slow Soviet Union would slow down Japanese. down Japanese.

He also saw the He also saw the Soviet’s need for food Soviet’s need for food as a market for farmers as a market for farmers and manufacturers.and manufacturers.

Aggression and AppeasementAggression and Appeasement Americans wanted Americans wanted Isolationism.Isolationism.

Events Events throughout the throughout the world send off world send off alarms of alarms of trouble aheadtrouble ahead..

Japanese Expansion in the Japanese Expansion in the PacificPacific

Japan’s population Japan’s population doubles between 1872 and doubles between 1872 and 19251925

To ease overcrowding and To ease overcrowding and look for more resources look for more resources and markets, they look at and markets, they look at expansionexpansion

After the WWI Japan was After the WWI Japan was bitter toward the Westbitter toward the West

Washington Conference of Washington Conference of 1921 cost Japan most of 1921 cost Japan most of its gain in China and its gain in China and limited Japan’s naval limited Japan’s naval power. power.

In September 1931, In September 1931, Japanese invaded mineral-Japanese invaded mineral-rich Manchuria in Chinarich Manchuria in China

Threats from Germany and Threats from Germany and ItalyItaly

On March 5, 1933, On March 5, 1933, parliament voted parliament voted AdolfAdolf HitlerHitler , the National , the National Socialist leader (Nazis), Socialist leader (Nazis), the power he needed to the power he needed to begin a program of conquest begin a program of conquest in central and eastern in central and eastern EuropeEurope

In Italy, dictator In Italy, dictator BenitoBenito MussoliniMussolini made similar made similar plans to control the plans to control the Mediterranean and to expand Mediterranean and to expand Italy’s empire in Africa.Italy’s empire in Africa.

Mussolini and Hitler Mussolini and Hitler followed a new political followed a new political doctrine known as doctrine known as fascism fascism -- a form of government in a form of government in which a dictator and which a dictator and supporters cooperate to supporters cooperate to seek more power for their seek more power for their nation.nation.

Adolf Hitler & Benito Mussolini

NeutralityNeutrality Americans at this time were determined to avoid Americans at this time were determined to avoid war at all costswar at all costs

Congress passed Congress passed Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, in 1935, 1936, and 1937. and 1937.

These laws barred sale/transportation of arms These laws barred sale/transportation of arms to warring nationsto warring nations

Banned loans to nations at war outside the Banned loans to nations at war outside the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

The president believed that Germany, Italy, and The president believed that Germany, Italy, and Japan were “bad neighbors” who were bent on Japan were “bad neighbors” who were bent on war. war.

Roosevelt called for the Roosevelt called for the abandonmentabandonment of of isolationisolation, but Americans were , but Americans were not readynot ready yet yet

““Europe at War Again”Europe at War Again” Munich Agreement Munich Agreement

failed to appease Hitlerfailed to appease Hitler British and French British and French

leaders signed the leaders signed the Agreement believing Agreement believing that Hitler’s that Hitler’s aggression was aggression was subdued.subdued.

Hitler takes Hitler takes Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, threatens Polandthreatens Poland

France & GB pledge to France & GB pledge to defend Polanddefend Poland

Stalin signs non-Stalin signs non-aggression pact with aggression pact with GermanyGermany

““Outbreak of War”Outbreak of War” Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler

invades Polandinvades Poland BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg – lightning – lightning

warwar Sept. 3, 1939, GB & Sept. 3, 1939, GB &

France declare war on France declare war on GermanyGermany

US remains neutral, US remains neutral, but lifts the Neutrality but lifts the Neutrality ActsActs

US will sell war goods, US will sell war goods, but cash payment is but cash payment is requiredrequired

““Near Disaster at Near Disaster at Dunkirk”Dunkirk”

Lull in fighting in Lull in fighting in winter of 1939winter of 1939

Hitler invades Norway Hitler invades Norway and Denmarkand Denmark

Germans sweep Germans sweep through Netherlands through Netherlands and Belgiumand Belgium

Germans meet first Germans meet first resistance of GB & resistance of GB & FranceFrance

Allies are driven back Allies are driven back and defeated at and defeated at French coastal city, French coastal city, DunkirkDunkirk

““Evacuation at Dunkirk”Evacuation at Dunkirk”

Troops were cut Troops were cut off from retreat by off from retreat by landland

Aided by 600 Aided by 600 private boats, private boats, 300,000 French 300,000 French and British and British soldiers were soldiers were evacuatedevacuated

Heroic nine-day Heroic nine-day rescuerescue

““Battle of Britain”Battle of Britain”

June 1940, Italy June 1940, Italy invaded France, invaded France, declared war on declared war on GBGB

June 22, 1940 June 22, 1940 France France surrenderssurrenders

GB faces the GB faces the threat alonethreat alone

““Germans Bomb Great Germans Bomb Great Britain”Britain”

Germans bomb Germans bomb British air fields, British air fields, factories, and citiesfactories, and cities

Germans prepare Germans prepare to move their to move their armies across armies across English channelEnglish channel

New Prime New Prime Minister, Winston Minister, Winston Churchill, provides Churchill, provides inspirationinspiration

““America Abandons America Abandons Neutrality”Neutrality”

Churchill asks US Churchill asks US for 50 destroyers for 50 destroyers to protect against to protect against German subsGerman subs

FDR provides FDR provides destroyers destroyers through an through an “executive order”“executive order”

GB forces Hitler GB forces Hitler to abandon to abandon invasion plansinvasion plans

““America Realizes Its America Realizes Its Peril”Peril”

Hitler and Mussolini Hitler and Mussolini now seem now seem threatening to most threatening to most AmericansAmericans

Billions of dollars Billions of dollars are appropriated for are appropriated for defense by Congressdefense by Congress

Selective Service Selective Service Act of 1940 adds Act of 1940 adds 800,000 men to 800,000 men to armed forcesarmed forces

““America Realizes Its America Realizes Its Peril”Peril”

FDR elected to third FDR elected to third term in 1940term in 1940

Lend-Lease Policy Lend-Lease Policy allows US to aid GBallows US to aid GB

US can sell war US can sell war goods with promise goods with promise of return of goods or of return of goods or replaced goodsreplaced goods

This authorizes the This authorizes the President to send President to send supplies and weapons supplies and weapons to other nationsto other nations

““Battle for the Atlantic”Battle for the Atlantic” Germany tries to Germany tries to

starve GB into starve GB into submissionsubmission

Lend-lease supplies Lend-lease supplies are attackedare attacked

US is drawn into US is drawn into war to assure war to assure protection of protection of suppliessupplies

By fall of 1941, US By fall of 1941, US merchant ships and merchant ships and Germans are Germans are exchanging fireexchanging fire

““Germany Turns on Germany Turns on Soviets”Soviets”

Hitler wants vast Hitler wants vast wheat and oil of Soviet wheat and oil of Soviet Union in UkraineUnion in Ukraine

June 1941, Germany June 1941, Germany attacks USSRattacks USSR

Stalin signs alliance Stalin signs alliance with GBwith GB

US offers lend-leaseUS offers lend-lease Churchill knows US Churchill knows US

aid to Russia would aid to Russia would reduce German reduce German pressure on GBpressure on GB

““Aggression in the Aggression in the Pacific”Pacific”

Japan was moving Japan was moving against European against European colonies in Pacificcolonies in Pacific

Region contained Region contained rice, rubber, tin, rice, rubber, tin, zinc, and oil zinc, and oil needed for their needed for their industriesindustries

US was last US was last obstacle to fulfill obstacle to fulfill their ambitionstheir ambitions

““Aggression in the Aggression in the Pacific”Pacific”

Sept. 1940 Japan Sept. 1940 Japan allied with allied with Germans and Germans and Italians “Axis Italians “Axis Powers”Powers”

US places embargo US places embargo on Japanese on Japanese shipmentsshipments

US tries to US tries to negotiate to stop negotiate to stop conquestsconquests

Japan rejectsJapan rejects

““Appeal for Peace”Appeal for Peace” General Hideki Tojo General Hideki Tojo

replaces Fumimaro replaces Fumimaro Konoye as Prime Konoye as Prime MinisterMinister

Negotiations take Negotiations take place and deadlock in place and deadlock in late Nov. 1941late Nov. 1941

FDR appeals to FDR appeals to Emperor Hirohito for Emperor Hirohito for peacepeace

Japanese fleet already Japanese fleet already headed to Pearl headed to Pearl HarborHarbor

Chapter Chapter 1919

Section 3:Section 3:

The United States at WarThe United States at War

The World at WarThe World at War

Dec. 7, 1941 Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack Japanese attack Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Destroyed/killed Destroyed/killed - 5 battleships- 5 battleships- 250 airplanes- 250 airplanes- 4,500 people- 4,500 people

December 7, 1941, An aerial photograph of the attack from

a Japanese fighter

Japanese victories in the Japanese victories in the PacificPacific

US threat is now US threat is now minimizedminimized

6 months of victory 6 months of victory for Japanfor Japan

Japan takes:Japan takes: American bases at American bases at Guam and Wake IslandGuam and Wake Island

British colonies at British colonies at Hong Kong and Hong Kong and SingaporeSingapore

Thailand & Thailand & PhillipinesPhillipines

German Success in EuropeGerman Success in Europe Axis forces Axis forces occupied nearly all occupied nearly all of Europeof Europe

Germans deep into Germans deep into Soviet Union by Soviet Union by summer of ‘42summer of ‘42

Soviets must hold Soviets must hold off Germans until off Germans until British and British and Americans launch Americans launch western offensivewestern offensive

US will focus on US will focus on Germans before Germans before JapaneseJapanese

Germans at Stalingrad

Turning Point of the WarTurning Point of the War

Germans pressure Germans pressure Soviets with a 2nd Soviets with a 2nd offensive offensive

Stalin pleaded Stalin pleaded Allies for help on Allies for help on Western FrontWestern Front

Sept. ’42 Sept. ’42 Soviets Soviets hold off Germans at hold off Germans at StalingradStalingrad

Soviets counter Soviets counter attack in Nov. ‘42 attack in Nov. ‘42

Feb. ’43, 300,000 Feb. ’43, 300,000 Germans surrenderGermans surrender

How did Soviets defeat How did Soviets defeat Germans at Stalingrad?Germans at Stalingrad?

Used the “winter weather” Used the “winter weather” (brutal) to their advantage(brutal) to their advantage

Executed a massive Soviet counter Executed a massive Soviet counter attackattack

Hitler refused to order a German Hitler refused to order a German retreatretreat

800,000 Soviets die in Stalingrad; 800,000 Soviets die in Stalingrad; this is more than US lost in entire this is more than US lost in entire warwar

German Weak Point ExposedGerman Weak Point Exposed

American and British American and British forces push German forces push German Field Marshal Erwin Field Marshal Erwin Rommel into TunisiaRommel into Tunisia

By May, 250,000 By May, 250,000 German troops German troops surrender Africasurrender Africa

Aug. ‘43 Allies take Aug. ‘43 Allies take SicilySicily

Sept. ’43 the Allies Sept. ’43 the Allies invade the Italian invade the Italian mainland mainland Erwin

Rommel

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

US and GB begin US and GB begin bombing Germany bombing Germany continuouslycontinuously

Grounds troops Grounds troops are needed to are needed to winwin

Normandy InvasionNormandy Invasion June 6, 1944 Allied June 6, 1944 Allied

forces storm the forces storm the beaches of Normandy beaches of Normandy (France) to overtake (France) to overtake Nazi-occupied EuropeNazi-occupied Europe

176,000 troops carried 176,000 troops carried in 5000 vessels in 5000 vessels

Called D-DAYCalled D-DAY Supreme Allied Supreme Allied

Commander – Commander – Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower

By early Aug. ’44 By early Aug. ’44 General George Patton General George Patton and his forces were and his forces were racing across N. Franceracing across N. France

In Sept. ‘44 the Allies In Sept. ‘44 the Allies invade western border invade western border of Germanyof Germany

June 6, 1944 – D-Day

Rapid Soviet Advance From the Rapid Soviet Advance From the EastEast

Soviets also Soviets also advance from the advance from the east. east.

In Jan. ‘44, the In Jan. ‘44, the Red Army freed Red Army freed Leningrad from an Leningrad from an 890-day German 890-day German siegesiege

800,000 residents 800,000 residents died in battle.died in battle.

Soviets trek across Soviets trek across Eastern Europe and Eastern Europe and take back take back territories the territories the Nazis had occupiedNazis had occupied

Germany SurrendersGermany Surrenders Dec. ‘44, Hitler ordered Dec. ‘44, Hitler ordered

a counterattack in a counterattack in Belgium. Belgium.

The Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge was the last German was the last German offensive.offensive.

In March 1945, the Allies In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River crossed the Rhine River and moved into the heart and moved into the heart of Germany. of Germany.

Meanwhile the Soviets Meanwhile the Soviets pushed from the east, pushed from the east, taking Berlin in April taking Berlin in April 1945. 1945.

On May 7, 1945, German On May 7, 1945, German leaders agreed to an leaders agreed to an unconditional surrender unconditional surrender after Hitler had after Hitler had committed suicidecommitted suicide

April 1945

Crimes Against HumanityCrimes Against Humanity As Allies enter Germany As Allies enter Germany

they discover evidence they discover evidence of horrendous acts of of horrendous acts of humanity humanity

The Nazi Holocaust – The Nazi Holocaust – the deliberate the deliberate extermination of extermination of millions of European millions of European Jews and other Jews and other civilians.civilians.

The Nazis had killed 12 The Nazis had killed 12 million peoplemillion people

6 million were Jews6 million were Jews

The death camp at Auschwitz, On the sign

it says Arbeit Macht Frei which means Work

means freedom.

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

May 1942, May 1942, American American warships defeat warships defeat a Japanese fleet a Japanese fleet in the Battle of in the Battle of the Coral Sea.the Coral Sea.

Japanese fail in Japanese fail in June to take June to take Midway IslandsMidway Islands

American Fighters in

the skies of Midway

GuadalcanalGuadalcanal US Marines land in US Marines land in

Guadalcanal in August Guadalcanal in August 19421942

Americans took the Americans took the first step in the long first step in the long and bloody road to and bloody road to Tokyo Tokyo

The struggle for The struggle for Guadalcanal was fought Guadalcanal was fought at sea, on land, and in at sea, on land, and in the air lasting six the air lasting six months.months.

Japanese resistance Japanese resistance comes to an end in 1943comes to an end in 1943

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa

Last of Japan’s island Last of Japan’s island outposts fall outposts fall

Iwo Jima in March ’45 Iwo Jima in March ’45 Okinawa in June ‘45Okinawa in June ‘45 US suffers over 20,000 US suffers over 20,000

casualties at Iwo Jimacasualties at Iwo Jima Summer of ’45, Germans Summer of ’45, Germans

defeated, all Allied defeated, all Allied power was turned power was turned against Japan. against Japan.

The conquest of the The conquest of the Japanese islands was Japanese islands was left to the USleft to the US

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference Feb. ‘45, Roosevelt, Feb. ‘45, Roosevelt,

Churchill, and Stalin Churchill, and Stalin met for the last time met for the last time at Yalta, in the Soviet at Yalta, in the Soviet Union. Union.

Agreed publicly that Agreed publicly that the US, GB, and the the US, GB, and the Soviet Union, along Soviet Union, along with France, should with France, should occupy Germany after occupy Germany after the warthe war

Churchill, Roosevelt and

Stalin

Roosevelt’s DeathRoosevelt’s Death

FDR looks pale FDR looks pale and weak upon and weak upon return from return from Yalta.Yalta.

April 12, 1945, April 12, 1945, FDR dies at Warm FDR dies at Warm Springs, GASprings, GA..

Caisson carrying the body of Franklin D. Roosevelt at his funeral in Hyde Park,

New York, April 15, 1945.

The United NationsThe United Nations Two weeks after Two weeks after Roosevelt’s death, Roosevelt’s death, representatives of representatives of 50 nations met at 50 nations met at San Francisco to San Francisco to make plans for a new make plans for a new world organization.world organization.

The meeting at San The meeting at San Francisco produced a Francisco produced a charter for the charter for the United Nations and United Nations and the United States the United States became the first became the first nation to join the nation to join the UNUN

Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki Japan refuses to Japan refuses to

surrendersurrender US tired of fighting US tired of fighting Decision made to use the Decision made to use the

atomic bomb to end atomic bomb to end quicklyquickly

Hiroshima - August 6, Hiroshima - August 6, 19451945

Destroyed 60% of the cityDestroyed 60% of the city Japan still refuses to Japan still refuses to

surrendersurrender US drops another bomb on US drops another bomb on

the city of Nagasaki 3 the city of Nagasaki 3 days laterdays later

Final surrender took Final surrender took place on September 2, place on September 2, 1945.1945.

The bomb dropped on

Hiroshima on August 6, 1945