Chapter 18: The French revolution
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Transcript of Chapter 18: The French revolution
CHAPTER 18: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Learning Objectives:• Name two French writers with
new ideas in 1700s• Explain how the Age of
Reason & the American Revolution led to French Revolution
• Know the Three Estates• Explain how storming of the
Bastille led to bloody rebellion
• List Napoleon’s accomplishments
Language Objectives:• Compose news broadcasts to retell story of French Revolution• Match vocab words with definitions by reading & listening• Form, state, & discuss opinion on Napoleon taking over Europe
THE AGE OF REASON IN FRANCE Early 1700s, France was still in the
Middle Ages Kings rule by Divine Right Often unfair & nothing people can do King Louis XIV (14th) said “I am the State”
meaning “I am France”
Nobles live in luxury Palaces paid by taxes from lower & middle
classes Peasants often starving
AGE OF REASON IN FRANCE By 1780s, new ideas
People listen to Rousseau & Voltaire “Look at England – free” “Look at America – successfully fought for
freedom” “We deserve rights too!!”
French helped America fight Lafayette had his own command in
American Revolution People think (reason, think logically) - “We
should be free from tyranny also”
THE ESTATES-GENERAL By 1788
French government out of money due to fancy living & wars
Peasants & middle class are very unhappy In 1789, King Louis XVI (16th) calls a
meeting with Estates-General (like Parliament) It hadn’t met for 175 years Met at King’s palace – Versailles King wants more money from new taxes
THE ESTATES-GENERAL
Wealthy ClergyNobles-some
wealthy, some broke
Middle Class merchants, city workers, peasants
• Each estate has only 1 vote• 1st & 2nd can outvote the 3rd
• It’s unfair – 3rd Estate asks King for more votes, but he says “No”
2% of people
98% of people
•1st Estate•Pay no taxes, collect tithes ($$)
•2nd Estate•Pay no taxes, collect dues
•3rd Estate•Pay taxes & dues
• They met at King’s palace – Versailles• 3rd Estate walked out in anger
TENNIS COURT MEETING 3rd estate met in indoor
tennis court Called themselves National
Assembly of France Took an oath to stay in
session until constitution could be written
Meanwhile, King was getting troops organized
People decided to strike first
The Tennis Court Oath
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE Bastille was a
prison King could throw
anyone in there, and did
It was a symbol of tyranny
People tortured many years before
Rumors continued People hated &
feared the Bastille
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE People in Paris
decided to attack the Bastille – a riot breaks out
They took guns & cannons from arsenal
July 14, 1789 – official start of French Revolution
Murdered governor of prison
Carried his head on a stick
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION After the storming of the Bastille, others began
protesting A group of Paris women wanting grain to feed
their families, marched to the King’s palace & forced him & his family to come back to Paris
Peasants began rebelling against nobles Many people didn’t feel safe; nobles fled France
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION National Assembly wrote new
constitution Made laws to end feudal system Nobles lost rights, privileges King lost most of his power Old tax system was ended In 1789, they wrote the
“Declaration of the Rights of Man” Based upon the English Bill of
Rights & US Declaration of Independence
“LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND FRATERNITY”
Rulers of Austria & Prussia sent troops to crush the Revolution – feared it would spread to their lands
Revolution leaders thought King Louis XVI had called for the troops They felt he betrayed France Forced him off his throne Held elections for new group to make laws –
called National Convention France becomes a republic – 1792 Motto was “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
THE REIGN OF TERROR Leaders of the Revolution
become afraid of enemies Start accusing people of
betraying the Revolution & begin executing them with the guillotine Behead King Louis XVI &
Marie Antoinette Behead hundreds of
suspected enemies People lived in terror Lot of bloodshed
King Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
THE REIGN OF TERROR Robespierre was one of
the most violent leaders People finally turned on
him & he was beheaded on guillotine
Country was in great turmoil & chaos
Lots of fighting & deaths No order or government France needed a leader Painting of the
guillotining of Robespierre
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE National Convention was getting weaker 30,000 national guardsmen attacked
Wanted to bring back monarchy National Assembly asked Napoleon to
fight the uprising; he ended it quickly Napoleon
Was an officer in the National Assembly’s army, which fought Austria & Prussia
A new organization called “The Directory” replaced the National Convention, became corrupt
NAPOLEON BONAPARTEWent from being a great military and political leader, to
emperor of France, to an exile on an island.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Napoleon became stronger by winning many
battles & did away with The Directory In 1799, he made himself dictator of France Created a new constitution called the
Napoleonic Code Single set of laws for all of France & territories Basis of French law still today
He was a good politician Stopped the fighting within France Invited nobles to return
NAPOLEONIC CODE
FRANCE UNDER NAPOLE0N In 1804, Napoleon had himself
crowned emperor His ambition & desire for more power
spread war across Europe Good things he did for France
Fair tax system Rich no longer treated special Reorganized schools, made them stronger Had loyalty of people Conquered most of Europe – except Great
Britain
NAPOLEON CROWNED EMPEROR OF FRANCE
NAPOLEON’S MISTAKE Declared war on Russia – 1812 After a major victory, Russians led his
troops deep into Russia They destroyed anything of value so Napoleon’s
troops couldn’t use anything When they got to Moscow, it was burned,
destroyed & most people had left They occupied a city of ruins – then winter hit &
they were starving
NAPOLEON’S MISTAKE – INVADING RUSSIA
Russians attacked them repeatedly as they retreated for FranceMore than 500,000 died from starvation, freezing or battle
THE END FOR NAPOLEON Other countries banded together to
beat Napoleon Prussia, Sweden, Austria, Great Britain,
Russia The French Senate turned against
Napoleon, & crowned Louis XVIII King of France
Napoleon was exiled to live in Elba, Italy He escaped & returned to rule for only
100 days
KING LOUIS XVIII
THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO The allied countries against Napoleon
raised troops to fight against him In 1815, Napoleon marched into Belgium
with about 75,000 troops Allied countries had 67,000 When Prussian troops arrived, they
outnumbered Napoleon’s - French had to retreat
British sent him to Saint Helena – a tiny island off the west coast of Africa. He died in 1821
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
250,000 Frenchmen face 850,000 forces on 4 fronts
FRANCE AFTER NAPOLEON Kings ruled again, but three
revolutions over 55 years Second Republic Second Empire Third Republic
France built a colonial empire around the world for trade
It lasted until World War II, when Germany took over France
After WWII, there was a Fourth, then Fifth Republic
People continued to seek “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Including women & minority groups