Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms

Organizing and classifying living things

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Taxonomy

• 1. Species: a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

• 2. a science that involves the naming and classifying of living organisms

• .

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Developed by Carlos Linnaeus

• Two Word system for naming organisms

• Universal!

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Scientific Name

• A. genus-similar species

• B. species-basic biological unit

• C. Genus capitalized, species lower case

• Example: Homo sapien

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Advantages

• A. many common names- eliminates confusion.

• B. every species has its own scientific name.

• What animal is this ?– puma

– Mountain lion

– Cougar

– Panther

– Felis concolor

Eliminates Confusion!

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Classifying Species into Large Groups

• 1. Taxa (taxon)- a group or level of organization to which an organisms are classified.

• Classification System**based on

shared characteristics

• Kingdom- group of phylum

What’s in a Kingdom

• B. phylum- a set of classes

• C. class- a set of orders

• D. order- a group of families

• E. family- a group of genuses

• F. genus

• G. species

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Make up a saying!

• King kingdom

• Phil phylum

• Came Class

• Over order

• For family

• Good genus

• Spaghetti species

Hybrids

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Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf

Western Coyote- moved east.

Great Lakes Wolf population- almost hunted to extinction

The two population interbreed to create the Eastern Coyote:

Not afraid of humans

Hang out in family units

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Review Questions

• 1. What is the science of naming and classifying organisms called?

• 2. What is binomial nomenclature?

• 3. How are scientific names written?

• 4. What are the advantages of using scientific names vs. common names?

5. What is the order in which organisms are classified? Start with kingdom, …

18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of lineages.

• Common Ancestor -members are placed in taxa based on relatedness.

• Clade- a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.

What is a Cladogram?

• Cladograms- links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched from a common ancestor.

Derived Characteristics• 1. a trait that arose in the

most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed a long to its descendants.

• 2. Which are derived characteristics of a coyotes and lions?– 4 limbs

– Hair

– Specialized teeth

– Retractable claws

Reading Cladograms

– This cladogram shows a simplified phylogeny of the cat family.

DNA in Classification

• DNA comparisons help make evolutionary trees more accurate.

• For Example:– African Vulture

– American Vulture

– Storks

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http://wildlifeofnorthamerica.info/BNA/TkVu_086A_4x6_024224.jpg

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18.3 Building the Tree of Life

The Tree of All Life

DOMAIN: the largest of the classification categories

• THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS:1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya

The differences between these Domains are based upon cell type: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

Domain Bacteria• 1. Prokaryotic• 2. Unicellular• 3.No nucleus or

membrane bound organelles

• 4. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Domain Archaea

• Are prokaryotic

• Are unicellular

• Look like bacteria but have a different type of cell wall and cell membrane

• They can live in “extreme” environments

Domain Eukarya

• All organisms that have a nucleus.– Kingdoms:

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantea

• Animalia

Kingdom Protista in the Domain Eukarya

• 1. Eukaryotic• 2. Unicellular• 3. Membrane-bound

nucleus and organelles• 4.Protozoa-animal-like

protists• 5. Some

photosynthetic (red, green, brown and multicellular algea in protista.

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/GIFs/protists.jpg

Kelp forest:brown algaehttp://www.ianskipworth.com/photo/pcd1742/kelp_forest_15_4.jpg

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Kingdom Fungi: in the Domain Eukarya• A. Eukaryotic

• B. molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.

• C. Parasites and decomposers

• D. both unicellular and multicellular

• E. have enzymes and digest materials outside then absorb it.

• Cell wall-composed of chitin

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Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain Eukarya• A. Eukaryotic

• B. Cell wall-composed of cellulose

• C. Multicellular• D. tissue and organ

specialization• E. lack movement• F. Photosynthetic-

have chloroplasts & can make their own food

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Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain Eukarya

• A. Eukaryotic• B. All multicellular• C. more organisms in

this kingdom than any other.

• Levels of organization are present:– Cells

– Tissues

– Organs

– Organ system

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Animals continued• E. Heterotrophs-have

to eat food• Invertebrates- no

backbone(insects, worms, Mr.Via)

• Vertebrates-have backbones(fish, snakes, and humans.)

• Sexual reproduction is more common.