CHAPTER 18 Microbial Models: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
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Transcript of CHAPTER 18 Microbial Models: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
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CHAPTER 18Microbial
Models: The Genetics of Viruses and
Bacteria
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SizeAveragesEukaryotic
10 um.Bacteria 1 um.Viruses .1um.
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Respiratory infections & pink eye
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The human Papilloma virus causes warts and cervical cancer double stranded circular DNA
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Adenovirus causes respiratory infections and pink eye
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Bacteriophages
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Simplified viral reproductive cycle
double stranded DNA
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Lytic cycle of a T4 phage
Parts self-assemble
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The lysogenic and lytic reproductive cycles of phage lambda a temperate phage
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The reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus with a
single stranded RNA genome but not a
retrovirus
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Structure and Life Cycle of an
HIV virusa retrovirus
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HIV infection
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Ebola virus-too virulent?
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Deer mouse
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Hanta virus
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Vaccines- ”harmless” variations of the virus that initiate the immune system to form memory T-cells and B-cells
Synthetic vaccines-made from other viruses usually the smallpox virus with recombinant DNA technology, no possible infection
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Tobacco mosaic virus
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Tobacco mosaic virus
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ViroidsTiny molecules of naked circular RNA. They do not
encode proteins but they can replicate in host cells using the hosts cells enzymes. They seem to only affect plants. Some how they disrupt metabolism of the plants and cause errors in regulation of protein synthesis. Affects tomatoes, potatoes, and palm trees
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PrionsInfectious protein molecules that can somehow replicate in cells. They cause degenerative brain diseases. They cause scrapie in sheep, “mad cow disease” or bovine spongiform encephalitis, and Creutzfeldt Jacob disease in humans. Cause the normal form of a protein to fold up wrong and thus become a prion.
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RESTRICTION ENZYMESRESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
Produced by bacteria for protection from viruses, they cut DNA at specific recognition sites and prevent it from taking over the cell. They can all be called endonucleases. They often make uneven cuts that leave short single-stranded pieces on each end called “sticky ends”
How do bacteria keep their own DNA from being cutby their restriction enzymes? Methylate their restriction sites
How are restriction enzymes used in recombinant DNA
technology?
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Normal without an F+ episome
Replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at one origin and continues in both directions
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Detecting genetic recombination in bacteriaSo, what happened?
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Conjugation and recombination in E. coli
Plasmids-small rings of DNA that contain 2 - 30 genes and can replicate on their own when in a cell by rolling circle replication R plasmids contain genes for antibiotic resistanceHow could several genes for antibiotic resistance end up on the same plasmid?Transposons
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Conjugation and recombination in E. coli
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Conjugation and recombination in E. coli
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F-pili
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Insertion of a transposon
and creation of direct repeats
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Anatomy of a composite transposon
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The trp operon a Repressible OperonTryptophan absent, repressor inactive, operon on
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The trp operon a Repressible OperonTryptophan present, repressor active
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The trp operon a Repressible OperonTryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
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The lac opreron: an inducible operon for enzymes that are only needed occasionally
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What would happen if a mutation to the regulator gene produced a defective repressor protein?What would happen to the levels of the mRNA and the enzymes after all available lactose was digested?
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Smallpox
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Measles
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Measles
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Polio
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Hepatitus
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Killed 300,000 worldwideBegan in 1918
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Herpes
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E. coli DNA
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plasmids
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