Chapter 18: Conquest and Survival – The Trans-Mississippi West 1860-1900.
-
Upload
bailey-ferguson -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 18: Conquest and Survival – The Trans-Mississippi West 1860-1900.
Chapter 18: Conquest and Survival – The
Trans-Mississippi West1860-1900
American Communities:Oklahoma Land Rush
18.1: Indian People Under Siege
A. Growth of the West1. Gold rush 1848
2. Homestead Act 1862
3. Alaska Terr. 1867
4. TRR 1869
5. Trouble w/Natives
A. Growth of the West6. Indian Removal Act – 1830
a.Removal of Natives by force if needed/Pres. AJ
b.Trail of Tears after Cherokee Nation v. Ga. 1831
7.“No Mans Land”
8.Leads to “Land Rush” and “Sooners”
“Land Rush” & “Sooners”
Dugouts
Soddies
Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
C. Assimilation of the Native American
1. Farming
2. Christianity
3. English
4. Education
“Friends of the Indians”
Importance of the Buffalo
D. Settlers and the Buffalo
1. Killed a. by hunters for heads,
hides, bones, and fur
b. for sport
c. by RR co.
2. Helped gov’t push Natives onto reservations
E. Massacre at Sand Creek, Co 1864 1. Natives told to make camp at
Sand Creek to make peace deal.
2. Col. Chivingtona. >100 Cheyenne killed while
sleeping; bodies mutilatedb. Body parts kept as souvenirs
3. Later discredited by Congress
F. Treaty of Laramie (1868)
1. Ended Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
2. Lands in the Black Hills, SD, Wy, and Mt.
3. Deposits of gold discovered, which leads to …
G. Battle at Little Bighorn, Mt.(aka Greasy Grass ) (1876)
1. 7th Calvary sent to take lands of Black Hills – found gold
2. Custer and men overtaken and killed by Crazy Horse
3. Public outcry = forcing more onto reservations
4. Same situation with the Nez Perce in the NW Pacific
“Custer’s Last Stand”
18.7: Transformation of Indian Society
A. Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
1. Exposes injustices of the NA by the USgov’t
2. Supporter of assimilationa. Indian Rights Assoc
b. Women’s nat’l Indian Assoc
B. Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
1. To “Americanize” NA by teaching them that owning land and farming was “right”
2. Reservation lands distributed to head of household; 160 acres; individuality not communal
3. Lands left over sold to settlers
4. NA lost >2/3rd of their lands
C. Ghost Dance: prohibited by government1. Return of the buffalo
2. Restorations of their lands
3. Make the white man disappear
D. Battle of Wounded Knee @ Pine Ridge Reservation (1890)
1. Started with the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull
2. A few days later, 7th Calvary rounded up ghost dancers and took them to Wounded Knee Camp
3. >200 unarmed NA killed and left to freeze
4. Payback for Battle of Little Bighorn
5. Brought Indian wars to an end
18.2: Internal Empire
Mining, Mormons, and Mexicans
A. Miners “Striking it Rich!”Mining for Gold and Silver
1. Pros and Cons of Mining
a. Pros
i.Railroads increased
ii.Statehood increased
iii.Cities developed and “Boomed”- economy grew rapidly
b. Cons
i. Increased crime
ii. Destruction of land
iii. “ghost towns”
2. Real Winners?a. Mine owners - able to invest capital in industries that supported the miners
i. Equip and technology
ii. RR
iii. Timber
iv. hydroelectricity
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
Hazards of Mining
The Western Federation of Miners on parade, passing the Southern Hotel in Rhyolite, February 17, 1907.
(Nevada Historical Society)
Miners & Workers
From Boom Towns to Ghost Towns
•
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
Realities of “Helldorados”
B. Mormons Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
C. Mexican-Americans
1. Economically and socially tied to land and country
2. Very few prospered
3. Formed political party
4. Poor political conditions in Mex = migration
18.3: The Open Range
Cowboys & Cattle
Long Drives
A. Life as a Cowboy
1. Hard: Saloons, violence, guns, and prostitutes
2. Range wars = fences; problematic for grazing
B. Collapse of Cattle Industry
barb wire overgrazing
overstocking
extreme weather
18.4: Farming Communities on the Plains
A. The Great Plains
1. Why move to the Great Plains?
(future home of the Dust Bowl!)
a. Homestead Act
b. Advertising
c. RR/towns
d. Farming technology
B. Homestead Act of 1862
1. 160 acres2. 5 yrs cultivation (grow crops)3. Land for farming was bad4. Option of purchasing it at $1.25 acre after 6 months
(residency requirement)
5. Only 10% of farmers received their lands from the act. Why so little?
- Better lands closer to transportation and town/mkts
18.5: The World’s Breadbasket
A. Farming and Technology
McCormick’s reaper
A. Farming and Technology
1. Efficiency = increase trade
2. Dependent on:
a. Technology
b. Nature
c. Shipping and RR
d. Global markets