African Americans in World War II: Origins of the Civil Rights Movement HIS 265.
Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II
description
Transcript of Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1
The American NationHOLT
IN THE MODERN ERA
Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR IISection 1: Early DifficultiesSection 2: The Home FrontSection 3: Victory in EuropeSection 4: Victory in Asia
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
The American NationHOLT
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Objectives:What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied
Powers and Axis Powers in 1941?What steps did the United States take to prepare for war?Where did the Japanese military attack after Pearl Harbor?What were the early turning points of the war in the
Pacific?What were the major battles in Europe and North Africa in
1942?
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Allied PowersProduction capacity of U.S. and manpower of
Soviet Union were advantages.Disadvantages included the enormous amount of
land in enemy hands, the multi-front aspect of the war, and the long fight that had to be faced.
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Axis PowersAxis was better prepared economically and had
been rearmed since the 1930s.Axis had firm control over invaded areas and
already had airfields, barracks, and military training centers.
Axis powers’ main difficulty was defending multiple fronts.
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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U.S. preparations for warincreased productionexpanded the governmentbegan to direct the economybegan to raise the army
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Increased ProductionArsenal – is a factory
that makes ammunitions for the military.
U.S. arsenal employment went from 22,000 to 486,000 in three years!
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From 1940 to 1945 American manufacturing made large quantities of jeeps tanks plains, and guns.
Increased Production
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Increased Production88,000 landing craft, 215 submarines, 147 aircraft carriers,
952 other warships, and 5,200 merchant ships.
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Government expansionWar Production Board WPB
Conversion of factories to make war goodsStarted in January 1942 by Roosevelt
Office of War Mobilization OWMMay of 1943Controlled by James F. Byrnes
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Directing the EconomyOffice of Price Administration OPA
Kept inflation lowRationing of key materialsSelling war bonds
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Raising and ArmySelective Training
Was a necessary law required to allow the government to train troops in peace time.
Selective ServiceAKA the draft21 – 35 had to registerThen later 18 – 45
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Raising and ArmyWomen's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC
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Raising and ArmyWomen's air force Service WASP
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Japanese attacks after Pearl HarborClark Airforce Base in the PhilippinesBurmaBorneothe Netherlands East IndiesWake IslandHong Kong
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Douglas MacArthurIn control of the force in the Philippines.Graduate from West PointAs the war ramped up MacArthur was placed in charge of
the entire war in the Pacific.
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Bataan Death MarchDouglas MacArthur
was ordered to remove himself from the Phillipines.
As he left he declared that he would be back.
10,000 POWs died.There was a total of
70,000 POW’sa
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Clarke air force BaseAttack on
December 8, 1941.
First attack on the Philippines
For the next two week there was an on slot of Japanese attacks on islands in South East Asia
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Early turning points of war in PacificBattle of the Coral SeaBattle of MidwayGuadalcanal
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Chester NimitzLeader of the U.S. Pacific FleetAggressive leader.
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Battle of the Coral SeaMay 7,
1942Allied
Victory
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Battle of the MidwayJune 1942Two prong
attackOne prong
attacked Alaska
The main prong attacked a U.S. Military base in the Pacific
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Battle of the GuadalcanalAugust 1942First major offensive battleTroops landedFerocious fighting
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Major battles of 1942 in Europe and North AfricaBattle of El AlameinBattle of Stalingrad
Section 1: Early Difficulties
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Battle for North AfricaMany battles were fought in North AfricaEl Alamein Egypt was one of the most critical battles for
both sides
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Erwin RommelCommander of German Afrika KorpsNicknamed Desert Fox
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Bernard MontgomeryBritish LeaderKey leader for stopping the Desert Fox
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StalingradCritical battle in the Eastern European FrontBetween this battle and the battle of El Alamein this help
turn the tide in the war
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The American NationHOLT
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Objectives:How did the U.S. government try to keep wartime
morale high?What was life like in the United States during World
War II?How did women contribute to the war effort?What actions did the government take to protect the
rights of minority groups?How were Japanese Americans affected by the war?
Section 2: The Home Front
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Keeping wartime morale highOffice of War Informationradio programsmovies
Section 2: The Home Front
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Life in the U.S. during WWIIlong work hours and many sacrificesrestrictionsblackoutsair-raid drillsvictory gardens
Section 2: The Home Front
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Contributions of womenentered job market to replace soldiersworked in plantsproduced war products
Section 2: The Home Front
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Government actions to protect minority rightsFair Employment Practices Committeeattempts to end discrimination in businesses with
federal contracts
Section 2: The Home Front
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Effects on Japanese AmericansMany were relocated and interned.Interned people lost their property.Hawaiian islands put under martial law because
Japanese population was too large to relocate.Some Japanese received limited military service
opportunities.
Section 2: The Home Front
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Objectives:Where did the Allied offensive in Europe begin?How did fighting in the Atlantic and in the air
influence the land war in Europe?How did the Allies successfully carry out the
Normandy invasion?What was the Holocaust?How did the Allies finally defeat Germany?
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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Allied offensive in EuropeThe Allied offensive in Europe began in Sicily and Italy.
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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Effects of fighting in the Atlantic and in the air on the land warSea dominance allowed the Allies to protect cargo
ships and bomb Axis vessels.Strategic bombing from the air helped destroy
German military factories and centers.
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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The Normandy Invasioninvasion of German-occupied Francedisinformation campaign to distract Germansdummy invasion used as a decoyinitial storming of beach caused high casualtiesultimately successful
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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The HolocaustThe Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews. The Germans took advantage of long-standing anti-Semitism and Allied inaction to do it.
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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Final defeat of GermanySeptember, 1944: Battle of the BulgeFebruary, 1945: Yalta Conferenceearly 1945: Allies bomb GermanyMarch, 1945: Allies invade GermanyApril, 1945: Hitler commits suicideMay, 1945: Germany surrenders
Section 3: Victory in Europe
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Objectives:How did the United States carry out its island-
hopping plan?How did the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
affect the war?What led the United States to use atomic weapons
against Japan?What were the human and economic costs of
World War II?
Section 4: Victory in Asia
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Island-hoppingconquered strategically important islandscut off other islandssome islands chosen as launching pads for
invasion of Japan
Section 4: Victory in Asia
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Iwo Jima and OkinawaThese two battles were incredibly difficult and bloody, and though the U.S. won, the fighting demonstrated that the Japanese would not surrender.
Section 4: Victory in Asia
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Reasons for use of the atomic bombenormous cost of an invasioncontinued Japanese resistancedesire to demonstrate U.S. power to the Soviet Union
Section 4: Victory in Asia
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Costs of World War IIkilled millions of people and wounded many moreresulted in the Holocaustdestroyed economies of many nationsruined countless citiesdestroyed national infrastructures
Section 4: Victory in Asia