Chapter 17: Water Use and Management. Surface Water, Bosnia.
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Transcript of Chapter 17: Water Use and Management. Surface Water, Bosnia.
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Chapter 17: Water Useand Management
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Surface Water, Bosnia
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17.1 Water Resources
• The hydrologic cycle constantly redistributes water
• Water supplies are unevenly distributed
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The Hydrologic Cycle
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17.2 Major Water Compartments
• Oceans hold 97 percent of all water on earth • Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most surface
fresh water (69%)• Groundwater Stores Large Resources (30%)• Rivers, lakes, and wetlands cycle quickly (1%)• The atmosphere is among the smallest of
compartments (1 ppm)
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17.3 Water Availability And Use
• Many Countries Suffer Water Scarcity And Water Stress
• Water Consumption Is Less Than Withdrawal– Withdrawal: What’s Taken Out. Much May Return
Quickly To Source– Some Returned Water May Be Degraded– Consumed: Not Easily Returnable To Source– Very Little Water Is Actually Destroyed– What Is Destroyed Is Easily Reconstituted
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17.3 Water Availability And Use
• Water Use Is Increasing • Agriculture Is The Greatest Water Consumer
Worldwide– Water Recycles Quickly But Not Necessarily Where
It Came From• Domestic And Industrial Water Use Are
Greatest In Wealthy Countries
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17.4 Freshwater Shortages
• Many people lack access to clean water • Groundwater is being depleted • Climate change threatens water supplies • Rivers are shrinking • Would you fight for water?
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All-Time Life Savers• Clean Water• Food Preservation• Antiseptics• Antibiotics• Vaccination• Surgery• Green revolution• Mosquito Control
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Green Bay Case Study Deep Aquifers of the Green Bay Area
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Green Bay Piezometric Surface1957 1960
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Green Bay Piezometric Surface1957 2003
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The Russian Radioactive Waste Injection Program
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Center-Pivot Irrigation
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Center-Pivot Irrigation
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Some Places Have Too Much Water
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Soluble Rocks
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Karst in Wisconsin
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Geothermal Systems: Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone
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Yellowstone Canyon
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Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone
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17.5 Dams And Diversions• Dam failure can be disastrous • Dams often displace people and damage
ecosystems • Dams kill fish • Sedimentation limits reservoir life • What Do You Think? Should We Remove
Dams? – Near end of useful life– Too small to contribute meaningfully
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Banqiao Dam Failures, China, 1975
• Built 1950’s for power and flood control• Hydrologist critical of design was sacked,
reinstated, and sacked again• Designed to survive 1000 year flood (30 cm =
12 inches rain per day)• In 1975, >2000 year flood occurred– 19 cm (8 inches) in one hour– 106 cm (40 inches) in one day
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Banqiao Dam Failures, China, 1975
• August 1975: Cold Front collides with Super Typhoon Nina
• Delay in opening gates because of communications failures and concern about downstream flooding
• Gates blocked by sediment• August 8, 12:30 AM: Dam upstream fails– Designed for 500 year flood but exceeded capacity
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Banqiao Dam Failures, China, 1975
• August 8, 1 AM, Banqiao Dam overtopped and failed
• Precipitated the failure of 62 dams• Flood wave 10 km wide, 3-7 m high, moving
50 km/hour• Numerous dams opened by air strikes to
control flow
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Banqiao Dam Failures, China, 1975
• One commune of 9600 people was entirely annihilated
• 26,000 people died from flooding • 145,000 died from subsequent epidemics and
famine. • 9 days after the flood a million people were
still stranded• About 6,000,000 buildings collapsed• Details declassified in 2005
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17.7 Increasing Water Supplies
• Desalination Provides Expensive Water• Domestic Conservation Can Save Water• Recycling Can Reduce Consumption • Prices And Policies Have Often Discouraged
Conservation (Encouraged Waste)• What Can You Do? Saving Water And
Preventing Pollution
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Desalination
• Passive Distillation– Slow
• Active Distillation– Energy Intensive
• Reverse Osmosis– Energy Intensive– Fragile Filters
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Reverse Osmosis