Chapter 17 Ember Rensel. The Columbian Exchange Transferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and...
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Transcript of Chapter 17 Ember Rensel. The Columbian Exchange Transferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and...
![Page 1: Chapter 17 Ember Rensel. The Columbian Exchange Transferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and the New World People (slaves) Animals Plants Technologies.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d165503460f949ec394/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 17
Ember Rensel
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The Columbian ExchangeTransferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and the New World• People (slaves)• Animals• Plants• Technologies• Diseases (from Old
World to New)
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Trades- Intended and accidental
• The natives of the Western hemisphere were killed by many of the diseases-Smallpox, influenza, measles, diphtheria
-Malaria and yellow fever arrived with African slaves
• Wheat, olives, grapes, vegetables, rice, bananas, sugar cane -- to America
• Maize, potatoes, manioc – to Old World• Large amounts of livestock arrived in the Americas from
Europe -Natives found the horse most useful
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The Spanish Colonies•The Spanish controlled - The Caribbean Islands- Mexico- American Southwest- Central America- Caribbean and Pacific
coasts of South America
- Andean highland- Plains in Argentina,
Uruguay, and Paraguay
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Colonial development
• Portugal controlled much of the coast of Brazil• Viewed society as a vertical hierarchy of estates,
mainly Catholic, and a patriarchal extended-family network
• Natives influenced the development of the colonies and formed alliances or marriage ties with the settlers
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State and church
• Council of the Indies-1524-developed in Spain, supervised government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activities in the colonies
- Limited power because of geography and time- Viceroys were of the highest power in the colonies- Judicial and administrative districts- Mexico City- capital of New Spain- Lima- capital of Peru- Bahia- capital of Brazil
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State and church cont’d…
• Catholic churches became popular and locals began to convert to Christianity
- Provided for European spiritual needs- Promoted intellectual advancement and formal education• Settlers used the church as an excuse to justify their conquests• Bartolomé de Las Casas- defended the Amerindians in the
early colonial period• Missionary efforts were thwarted by geographical, linguistic,
and cultural differences.• The church became the richest institution in the Spanish
colonies
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Economy in the colonies
• Peruvian silver mines and Mexican sugar plantations dominated
• Gold was extracted in Latin America• Potosí- now Bolivia- the richest silver deposit• Encomienda- forced labor of the natives• Mita- a labor tax • Brazilian sugar plantations depended on slave labor• Illegal trade relations were formed between the
Spanish, English, Dutch, and French
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Society• Hidalgos- lesser nobles• Creoles- whites for in America to European parents• The loss of life undermined the rich and cultural society• Slavery brought about racism and lower social ranking for blacks• Quilombos/ paleques- runaway slaves• Brazilian culture was influenced more by the Africans then the Amerindians• Slaves could buy their freedom• Mestizos- mixed Amerindian & European• Mulattos- mixed African & European• Castas- mixed peoples groups
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The French Colonies
• Jaques Cartier- first stirred interest in America- explored Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence Strait
• The French were committed to missionary work and encouraged the extraction of fur and natural resources
• New France-settled in Quebec (1608)- Allied with the Huron and Algonquin• Beaver fur trade fueled settlement• Métis- mixed French and native-
assisted in fur trade and communication
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French colonies
• Firearms made indigenous people deadly• Horse + gun = good military power• Epidemics made conversion hard for natives• The French were the most independent• Treated natives well- as allies and partners• English took over in 1760 after the French and Indian
War when they captured Quebec
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The English Colonies• The English colonies were located
along the Eastern coast of North America and some regions farther north.
• In the North:- Roanoke in North Carolina= failed (2x) - Newfoundland in Canada= failed• In the South:- Jamestown in Virginia(1606) = success!1. Expected easy profits2. Survived by natives’ generosity 3. Many settlers died from diseases4. Government forced to dissolve the
Virginia Company
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English colonies cont’d• Economy based on furs, timber, and tobacco• No significant city developed in Virginia, unlike Latin America• Indentured servants- white, 80% of colony’s population, signed a
contract to be a slave for 4-7 years in order to pay for voyage to the New World
• Slave populations grew rapidly as life expectancy increased• House of Burgesses- government system where a Crown-appointed
governor and his council and representatives would meet and formed a democratic ruling system.
• Southern settlements benefitted most from fur trade• Stono Rebellion-1739- largest slave uprising• Colonial South Carolina= most hierarchical society in British N.
America
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New England• Pilgrims- wished to break away from the Church of England - Settled in Plymouth, Mass• Puritans- wanted to “purify” the Church of England, separate
it from government- Mass. Bay colony• Gender balance• Became more “American”-independent
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Mid-Atlantic region
• Manhattan Island-Dutch merchants- set up alliance with Iroquois Confederacy- gave access to rich fur trade
• New York colony- diverse population-trading center• Pennsylvania- refuge for Quakers- 1682- William Penn- Philadelphia became the largest city in the British colonies- Peaceful relations with natives
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Reforms
• Both Spanish and British America had to reform in order to encompass economic growth and resources.