Chapter 17Brianna Kunes

Period 1

The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases, and technology between the Old and New Worlds.

New diseases infected immigrants and Amerindians alike, killing many.

Horses, pigs, sheep, etc. were brought to the Americas and thrived causing environmental damage-clearing land for pastures, over grazing-useful for meat and hides.

New foods exchanged: beans, potatoes, squash from New World and olives, rice, and bananas from Old World

The Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

Within 100 years after Columbus’s voyages, Spain owned much of Central America and some areas in South America

Europeans tried to establish colonies similar to their homeland, but Amerindian and African cultures blended into Spanish culture

Viceroys were Spanish officials in the colonies and had a lot of power in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru, which were each broken into districts ruled by Spanish and natives

Spanish America

Taxes Missionaries were sent out to convert Amerindians by teaching

the elite class their religion and getting rid of old traditions, but the natives were too spread out and their cultural differences were severe…..causing missionaries to fail

Searched for mineral wealth Silver dominated the economy, it was difficult to mine Encomiendas and mit’a laborers worked in mines Workers moved to mines: loss of village lifestyle Colonies established illegal commercial relations with Dutch and

French: trading was a slow and long process…causing items to be smuggled illegally

Spanish America

Immigrants made up small part of population Creoles: whites born in America to European

parents, upper class citizens Conquistadors dominated society Arranged marriages Black status decreased through African slave

trade Class separations Mixed racial groups

Spanish America Society

100 years after Columbus “discovered” America, Portugal owned Brazil

Found little wealth Taxes and missionaries Sugar Plantations dominated the economy and slaves

were used, many died from harsh treatment and disease Middleman for Spanish and European trade Influenced by African cultures, African slave trade was a

big business Many mixed racial groups

Portugal

Slave Trade

Formed later than South American colonies People saw wealth from New World in Europe and

were inspired to move World was connected through trade Small colonies with varied social, culture, religion,

and politics.

English and French Colonies

First attempt to settle North America was in Newfoundland but they failed

Sir Raleigh founded Roanoke which was a failed community twice Jamestown finally became the first successful colony in North

America In the south staple crops were tobacco and indigo, fur trade and

timber boomed Indentured servants: immigrants with little money who worked for

colonists for free passage to America and land….cheaper and lived longer than Africans

House of Burgesses Stono Rebellion- slave rebellion that shocked slave owners and made

them more attentive towards servants Charleston was the largest city and planters controlled the economy

and politics

English Colonies

In New England Pilgrims and Puritans settled the land

Pilgrims wanted to break away from church and receive religious freedom

Puritans wanted to “purify” the church Economy based on shipping services, timber,

fur, and fishing Boston was the largest city Few slaves

English Colonies

The Middle Atlantic region began with the colony of New Netherland, which eventually became New York

Made alliances with the Iroquois Confederacy

Many slaves Shipping center Pennsylvania was a refuge for Quakers

and a large, successful state

English Colonies

Samuel de Champlain founded New France Allied with Amerindians and participated heavily

in fur trade Indians traded furs for tools and guns, furs were

sold to Europe Slow population growth Spread west and south French and Indian war resulted in the French

losing all of their land to the Spanish and English

French America

Spain ruled by Philip V allowed for more trade with colonies and strengthened navy

Slave trade increased, people were healthier, the population of immigrants grew, and mining and agriculture increased

Tupac Amaru II was a member of the Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities

Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil

The king wanted more control Suspended elected assemblies, appointed

royal rulers, navigation acts Rebellions took place Class structures from Population and the amount of immigrants

increase

Reform and Reorganization in British America

Throughout all the colonies of Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France they all subjugated Amerindian peoples. New ideas were shared, foods and animals exchanged, and new people came together. Cultural diversity increased and religions were spread and mixed with other ones. The people of the Americas were involved in slave trades and wanted wealth. Millions migrated in search of a better life, and were unprepared for what lay ahead in the New World

Summary