Chapter 16 Study Notes:

Groundwater

Chapter 16 Section 1Study Notes:

Water Beneath the Surface

1. ____________ is the water beneath Earth’s surface.

Groundwater

2. An ______ is a body of rock that stores groundwater and allows it to flow.

aquifer

3. The percentage of the total ________ of rock that consists of open spaces is called ________.

volumeporosity

4. The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment _______ is called ______.

particlessorting

5. __________ is the ability of rock to let fluids pass through its pores.

Permeability

6. Open spaces in rock must be connected in order for the rock to be __________.permeable

7. The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water is called the zone of _________. saturation

8. The upper surface of underground water is called the _____ _____.water table

9. The aquifer zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface is called the zone of ________. aeration

10. ________ is the steepness of a slope.Gradient

11. A second water table that sits above the first water table is called a _______ water table.perched

12. The area where water from the surface can move through permeable rock to reach an aquifer is called a ________ zone.recharge

13. A natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface is called a ______. spring

14. Pumping water from a well lowers the water table around the well and causes a _____ of __________.cone depression

15. An _______ ________ is a sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock.

artesian formation

16. Wells, springs, and artesian formations bring _____ to Earth’s surface.water

17. _______ and ___ ______ are land features formed by hot groundwater.

Geysers hot springs

18. A ______ is a hot spring that erupts through vents.

geyser

Chapter 16 Section 2Study Notes:

Groundwater and Chemical Weathering

1. Water rich in dissolved minerals is called _____ water.hard

2. Water with low concentrations of dissolved minerals is called ____ water.soft

3. Carbonic acid breaks down minerals in rock in a process called ________ __________.chemicalweathering

4. Rock becomes chemically weathered when ________ acid, formed when water passes through soil and ________ minerals in the rock.

carbonic

dissolves

5. Rock that is rich in the mineral ______ is especially vulnerable to chemical weathering?calcite

6. A ______ is a natural cavity in rock that forms as a result of the _________ of minerals.

cavern

dissolving

7. A cone-shaped deposit of calcite on the ceiling of a cave is called a ________.stalactite

8. Calcite formations standing on the floor of a cavern are called _________. stalagmite

9. A circular depression that forms on the surface when rock ________ is called a ________.

dissolvessink hole

10. _____ __________ is irregular landforms created by the ________ weathering of rock by groundwater.

Karst topographychemical

11. A region that clearly shows the results of chemical weathering is called _____ __________.

Karst topography

12. Common features of karst topography include closely spaced _________ and _______.sink holes caverns

The End!!!