CHAPTER 16 Psychological Disorders. A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: ...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 16 Psychological Disorders. A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: ...
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CHAPTER 16
Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: Atypical: Not enough in
itself Disturbing: varies with
time and culture Maladaptive: Harmful Unjustifiable:
Sometimes there’s a good reason
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History of Disorders
Perceived causes Movements of the sun
or moon LunacyFull Moon
Evil Spirits Ancient Treatments
Exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilation, blood replaced with animals blood
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Medical Model
Concept that diseases have physical causes
Can be diagnosed, treated, and cured
Assumes that “mental” illness can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy Many times this
requires treatment in a psychiatric hospital
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Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
Assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
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Etiology
What is the causation or origination of the disorder
DSM-V American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Widely used for diagnosing
psychological disorders Does NOT give causes for
mental illnesses
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Criteria of Evaluation
Five dimensions for evaluation, known as axes Axis I: clinical disorders
15 major categories Axis II: personality
disorders; mental retardation
Axis III: general medical conditions
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: global assessment of functioning
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Neurotic and Psychotic
Neurotic Disorder Usually distressing but
allows one to think rationally and function Person loses socially
Psychotic Disorder contact with reality Experiences irrational
ideas and distorted perceptions
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent
anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense,
apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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Anxiety Disorders: Panic
Panic Disorder marked by a
minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation
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Phobias and OCD
Phobia persistent, irrational
fear of a specific object or situation
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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Common and Uncommon Fears
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OCD
PET Scan of brain of person with OCD High metabolic
activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention
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Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders characterized by
emotional extremes Major Depressive
Disorder a mood disorder in which
a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Manic and Bipolar
Manic Episode a mood disorder marked
by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which
the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-
depressive disorder
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France
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WHY?
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PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state Manic state Depressed state
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Depression
Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others
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Depression Con’t
The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders Conscious awareness
becomes separated from previous thoughts, memories, and feelings
Dissociative Identity Disorder Rare disorder in which a
person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities Formerly called multiple
personality disorder
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Literal translation:
Split mind A group of severe
disorders a characterized by Disorganized and
delusional thinking Disturbed
perceptions Inappropriate
emotions and actions
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Schizophrenia Con’t
Delusions false beliefs, often
of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Hallucinations sensory
experiences without sensory stimulation
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The Twin Factor
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Personality Disorder
Personality Disorders disorders
characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions
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Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial
Personality Disorder disorder in which the
person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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Crime
Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal
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Crime and Personality Disorders
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PET Scan of a Murderer
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal Murderer
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Race and Gender