MODULES 16.3 & 16.4

Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia

1. Depression- Definition

Major Depression is different from depression (sadness) because it is…

• More extreme • Persists most of each day for at least 2 weeks• Experience VERY little interest, pleasure, motivation or

activity

• Concentration• Appetite• Sex drive• Sleep

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression with a seasonal pattern

Sleep and eat excessively during depressed period

Sleep late and wake late

Phototherapy (light therapy)

1. Depression

Genetics Heredity and environment Seratonin

Gender Twice as likely in females

Events Cognitive Aspects

Explanatory Style- accept one kind of explanation for success or failure more often than another

Treatment Therapy (Interpersonal and Cognitive Therapy) Medications (Tricyclics, SSRIs, and MAOIs) ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) Others (exercise and regular sleep)

2. Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

Bipolar I- at least one episode of maniaBipolar II- episodes of major depression and

hypomania

Cycles Depression Mania

Treatment Lithium medication Anti-convulsant medications

Autism

A serious mental illness starting in very early childhood (before age 2). Symptoms include: Impaired social relationships Impaired communication Stereotyped behaviors Various other symptoms have been noted If no intervention occurs, severe language and other

cognitive delays are likely

Autism

Asperger’s disorder is identified as a milder form of autism. Persons who have Asperger’s can learn to function

effectively in social situations. They are less likely to be cognitively limited.

Autism

Risk factors for autism Twin studies suggest a genetic basis. Gene imprinting in sperm may be impaired in males as

they age. Older fathers are more likely to have children with

autism. There is no good quality evidence that vaccines cause

autism.

Stop for today Review test?

3. Schizophrenia

3. Schizophrenia

Positive Symptoms (+) present. Hallucinations & delusions

HallucinationsPerceptions that don’t correspond to anything in objective world.

DelusionsStrongly held, unfounded beliefs despite lack of evidence.Types- Persecution, Grandeur, Reference

3. Schizophrenia

Negative Symptoms(-) absence.

Lack of emotional expression, speech, and ability to take care of oneself

Disordered SymptomsDisordered Thinking Deficits in Frontal Lobe-executive functioning

Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and routines, loose associations, and difficulties with abstraction

3. Schizophrenia

Types1. Catatonic-distinguished by prominent movement

disorder, including either: Rigid inactivity Excessive activity The person is aware of surroundings, but the individual’s

posture or movement has no relationship to the outside world.

2. Disorganized- incoherent speech, absence of social relationships, and odd or “silly” behavior

3. Paranoid- Elaborate hallucinations and delusions Delusions feature pronounced themes of persecution and

grandeur. Other thought problems are less pronounced. Some

people with this type are relatively intact cognitively.

4. Undifferentiated- doesn’t qualify for others Deterioration of daily functioning Hallucinations Delusions or thought disorders Inappropriate emotions

None of the symptoms is unusually pronounced or bizarre.

3. Schizophrenia

Prevalence1% of population, all ethnic groups (less so in 3rd world countries), diagnosed in 20s, more common in men

Causes Genetics Brain Damage Neurodevelopmental

Treatment Medications (antipsychotics) Expressed Emotion

IDENTIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

  At your class reunion you encounter several of your old

classmates. Classify each person according to the psychological disorder they have:

Mark, the class clown, says he is emotionally unstable because he attempted suicide and at other times he gets uncontrollably elated.

  Alice, voted the most likely to succeed, washes her hands

repeatedly and dries them with tissues before she will drink the punch. She thinks that her hands are contaminated and does not want to contaminate the punch.

Tom, the prom king, comes to the reunion but immediately leaves because the room is decorated in orange and he is afraid of that color.

Gary, the star quarterback, says he is in charge of the CIA and that a group of terrorists plan to take him hostage. Jesus visits him nightly, appointed him to the CIA, and told him of the terrorist plot.

  Samantha, the class nerd, tells you that she is glad that winter

is finally over because she becomes severely depressed every winter.

Jerome, the class valedictorian, sits at the bar and keeps drinking one screwdriver after another. His wife tells you that he does this every day and has been unable to work for months.

  Fran, the homecoming queen, was making a phone call when

she felt her heartbeat suddenly increase, she became dizzy, and she felt like something horrible was about to happen. She tells you that she’s felt the same symptoms in several other situations.