Lectures 3 &4 : Developmental Psychopathology: MR, PDD, Autism,Aspergers and Learning Disorders.
Chapter 16 Developmental Psychopathology. Chapter 16: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Abnormality...
-
Upload
phyllis-mcdaniel -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Chapter 16 Developmental Psychopathology. Chapter 16: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Abnormality...
Chapter 16
Developmental Psychopathology
Chapter 16: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
• Abnormality– Statistical deviance– Maladaptiveness
• Interferes with personal and social life
• Poses danger to self or others– Personal distress– DSM-5 diagnostic criteria (APA)
Developmental Aspects• Developmental psychopathology – study of origins
and course of maladaptive behavior
• Disorders and not disease (you have it or you don’t)– A pattern of maladaption, not defects
• Social and Age Norms
• Developmental issues– Nature/Nurture (origin of maladaptive behaviors)– Risk factors– Prediction
The Diathesis-Stress Model• Diathesis – predisposition or vulnerability
(genetic, cognitive, personality)• Stress – environmental pressure• Interaction of genes and environment• Example: Depression
– Genetic vulnerability– Environmental trigger(s)
• Not specific stressors for specific disorders• “Bad things have bad effects for some people
some of the time”
• Extreme stress and high vulnerability (severe disorder)
• Extreme stress and high resiliency (mild disorder)
• Low stress and high vulnerability (mild disorder)
• Low stress and high resiliency (no disorder)
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Autism
• Begins in infancy: more boys• Several autistic spectrum disorders • Impaired social interaction, communication• Repetitive, stereotyped behaviors• 75% have intellectual disabilities: 10% have
savant syndrome• Severe cognitive impairment• Biologically based• Concordance: MZ=60%, DZ= 0%
Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Asperger syndrome– Normal or above-average intelligence– Good verbal skills– Clear desire to establish social relationships– Deficient social cognitive and social-communication skills
Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Is there an epidemic?– 1987: autism affected 4 or 5 of every 10,000 children– 2006: 1 in 110– Two years later: 1 in 88
Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Why are rates rising?– Increased awareness– Broader definition that includes the entire autistic
spectrum (including more mild cases)– Increased diagnosis– Variations in diagnostic practices
Mirror Neurons
Depression
• Infancy– Somatic symptoms– Depressive-like states– Related to poor attachment– “At risk” if mother depressed– “Failure to thrive” syndrome may occur
Childhood
• Externalizing problems– “Undercontrolled” disorders– Acting out– Aggressive, out of control
• Internalizing problems– “Overcontrolled” disorders– Inner distress, shyness– More girls
Figure 16.3
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• DSM-5 Criteria: some combination of– Inattention subtype– Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subtype– Combined subtype– More boys; 3-5% of US kids – Comorbidity common
• Overactive behavior wanes with age• Attentional, adjustment problems remain
ADHD-Causes and Treatment
• Neurological: low Dopamine, Serotonin
– Underactivity in frontal lobes• Genetic predisposition; Environmental stress • 70% helped by stimulants
– Overprescription a problem• Most successful if combined with behavioral
treatment
Psychostimulants
• Ritalin• Concerta• Focalin• Adderall• Strattera• Cylert
Depression
• Childhood– Somatic symptoms– Psychotherapy, medication effective– Nature/Nurture question
• Adolescence– Often related to childhood symptoms
Adolescence• Storm and stress
– Only about 20%– Heightened vulnerability to psych disorders
• Alcohol and drugs are problems• Eating disorders
– Anorexia nervosa; more girls (10/1)– Bulemia nervosa; binge-eating– Binge eating disorder– Some genetic predisposition; stress also– Psychological treatment usually successful
“Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”
“Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”
Adolescent Depression and Suicide
• 35% depressed; 7% diagnosable– Cognitive symptoms– Behavioral acting out– Genetic link– Environmental triggers
• Suicide 3rd leading cause of death– Males commit 3:1 compared to females– Females attempt 3:1 compared to males
Adulthood• Rates of disorder decrease after age 18• Depression
– Elderly less vulnerable to major depression– Concern with elderly
• Depression often related to health• 15% have some symptoms• 1-3% diagnosable• Difficult to diagnose
– More women (2:1)
Depression and Dementia• Many undiagnosed and untreated• Elderly can benefit, should NOT be excluded
from treatment• Dementia: deterioration of neural• Alzheimer’s Disease
– Leading cause of dementia– Progressive and irreversible
Causes of Alzheimer’s
• Senile plaques – masses of dying neural material with toxic protein called beta amyloid
• The plaque injures/kills neurons• Neurofibrillary tangles – twisted strands of
neural materialEarly-onset form (prior to age 60)-genetic linksLate-onset form (after age 70)-family history not
predictive
Figure 16.6
Aging and Dementia