Chapter 16 A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY...
Transcript of Chapter 16 A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY...
Chapter 16
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
R.F. Meyer,* P.A. Fulton,** and W.D. Dietzman***
INTRODUCTION Since the First International Conference on the Future
of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands was held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in June 1979, several significant events have occurred bearing upon future development of these resources. Positive factors include the following: (1) a second conference was held in Caracas, Venezuela, in February 1982, insuring continued exchange of knowledge on resources, technology, and economics; (2) the UNITAR/ UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands has been established in New York and staffed with highly competent technical representatives from Canada and Venezuela, assuring a permanent organization for collection, collation, and dissemination of information on heavy crude oil and tar sands (bitumen) throughout the world; (3) draft definitions of heavy oil and tar sands have been written to assure standardization of information reporting; (4) Venezuela is aggressively pursuing the exploitation of its vast extra-heavy oil resources in the Orinoco heavy oil belt; (5) the U.S. Geological Survey, with the financial support of the U.S. Department of Energy, has initiated a study of U.S. heavy oil, tar sands, and shallow oil-field resources, the first such review in more than 15 years; (6) numerous pilot studies on heavy-oil recovery are being conducted in the United States and in most countries possessing heavy-oil or tar-sand deposits; (7) heavy-oil deposits not only have been identified offshore, but locally are being produced by thermal methods; (8) about 175 enhanced oil-recovery projects in heavy-oil reservoirs alone have been identified around the world; and (9) a combination of declining resources of crude oil lighter than 20° gravity AH (.934 g/cm3), high crude oil prices, advances in recovery and upgrading technology, and desire for greater national energy self sufficiency have created incentives for the aggressive exploitation of heavy-oil and bitumen deposits.
PURPOSE Our purpose in this review is to gather data on heavy oil
and bitumen occurrences amenable to recovery in-situ or by
mining and to make a first approximation as to the amount recoverable.
RESULTS The result is a value that exceeds 5.0 trillion (1012)
barrels of oil and bitumen in-place, with only about 50.3 billion (109) barrels having been produced. Total recoverable reserves, as herein defined, amount to about 6.10 billion barrels. No generalization can be made as to the price required for exploitation of those reserves, because of the enormous variation involved in production methods, reservoir conditions, infrastructure, and government policy. Most present production commands a price of about $25.00 per barrel. It is believed that such a price would make the Venezuelan extra-heavy crude oil economic; it would be insufficient for the Uvalde, Texas, bitumen.
DEFINITIONS The definitions for heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and
tar sands or bitumen described in Chapter 1 (this book) and as modified in Appendix A are ideal. Because of the paucity of viscosity measurements available in published sources, we follow these conventions: heavy crude oil, 10°-20°API; extra-heavy crude oil, less than 10°API but mobile in the reservoir, hence, producible through a well bore; and bitumen, less than 10°API and immobile in the reservoir.
Insofar as feasible, we follow the definitions of reserves and resources of the U.S. Geological Survey, as they are applied to oil and gas by Dolton and others (1981). Modifications of the following terms have been necessary for the purposes of our review:
1.
2.
Resources are concentrations of naturally occurring petroleum and bitumen in the earth's crust, some part of which is currently or potentially economically and technologically extractable. Oil in-place is the total of oil or bitumen in a deposit prior to the start of extraction. Reserves are those portions of the oil in-place estimated to be economically extractable under stated conditions.
*U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. **Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. ***Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.
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HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
The definitions immediately suggest some practical problems in discussing extra-heavy and heavy crude oil and bitumen because any of these hydrocarbons may occur as either surficial deposits, to be strip mined, or as subsurface deposits, either to be mined or, more commonly, produced through bore holes, usually with the help of exogenous energy.
DATA SOURCES For the oil fields of the United States, basic data were
derived from the automated Petroleum Data System (PDS) of the Office of Information Systems Programs, University of Oklahoma, which contains nonproprietary records for all U.S. fields and pools. Information on surface bitumen and heavy-oil deposits was derived from the literature. The field, pool, and deposit information for Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada was derived from nonproprietary Provincial records and from the literature. For other countries, the basic data for producing heavy-oil fields were obtained from the oil-field data system of Petroconsultants S.A., Geneva, Switzerland, supplemented by data from the literature. Other information on world heavy oil and bitumen is derived from literature search. In all cases, we are responsible for manipulations and interpretations of the basic data.
In the accompanying tables, data from the automated data files are not identified. We have cited all other information to the list of references. The reports cited seldom include proved reserves figures, at least for individual producing reservoirs, so those figures are generally our responsibility. On the other hand, oil in-place and production data are invariably derived from the literature.
At the present time, there is no published compilation of the basins of the world immediately useful for indexing fields and deposits. Consequently, the deposits listed in the tables usually do not include a basin code. There has long be*en a standard geologic province map for the United States (Meyer), with provincial boundaries drawn along political (county) lines in order to simplify computer processing of the deposit information. Where basin codes are given for other countries, the basin designations are those commonly accepted by the nations involved.
The U.S. Geological Survey has published a three-sheet map depicting onshore and offshore areas of the world that either contain known oil or natural gas deposits or are favorable for their occurrence (Coury & others, 1978). One sheet shows North and South America; a second, Europe, West Asia, and Africa; and a third, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. The scale of the map is 1:20,000,000 (1 inch equals 320 miles), with an interrupted sinusoidal equal area projection used to facilitate areal comparisons. A map of the Arctic region on a Lambert azimuthal equal area projection appears on the map of North and South America and on that of Europe, West Asia, and Africa. Inserts of the North Sea and Alaska regions are also included, with central meridians that allow for better presentation of those complex areas. Water depth is shown with 200 and 2,500 m (600 and 7,500 ft)
isobaths. The areas shown consist mostly of basins containing unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks greater than 1,000 m (about 3,000 ft) in thickness. Also included are some platforms and uplifts, foldbelts, and thinner rock sequences. A bibliography of references used in compiling the maps also is available (Coury & others, 1979). Addition of the location of the principal heavy oil fields and bitumen deposits would permit the use of the maps for reference purposes. This is important in predicting the petroleum potential of presently unproductive areas as well as in softening the political implications of oil occurrence.
A somewhat more recent world map (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982e) depicts the sedimentary basins of the world. The basins are colored to indicate whether they include giant fields, fields of smaller size, or are nonproductive. The map does not show the degree of exploration of the nonproductive basins. Its scale is too small to show individual fields.
METHODOLOGY From the automated data files we have made use of field
names, American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity values, and annual and cumulative production. In using such files it is essential to know the size of the sample for which critical data are available.
For the U.S. part of the study we summed from the Petroleum Data System (PDS) file, by basin, the annual and cumulative production, reserves (calculated as described below), and ultimate recovery (tables 16-1 and 16-2). This procedure then was repeated for fields that have API gravity data (tables 16-3 and 16^t). In table 16-5 we compared the results of our studies for all fields in PDS with records from the American Petroleum Institute for 1979, the last year API data were published. The correlation is sufficiently close to suggest that our methodology is satisfactory.
In table 16-6 we compare the results of our two computer runs, for all records and for those that have oil-gravity data. In Texas, the coverage of oil-gravity data is very complete; for the other states, only about 45 percent of the fields include oil-gravity values, representing 68 percent of annual and 64 percent of cumulative production. For heavy oil this is a misleadingly low value because most of the fields of California and Texas are represented by oil-gravity values and these states have most of the heavy-oil fields.
In Canada, the data are very complete, as reported in the annual oil and gas reports of the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, and no problems are presented by the data base.
For other countries in the world, the Petroconsultants file also is quite complete in its reporting of oil gravity values. Of 2,349 fields included in the file, 2,052 are represented by gravity or density, and these fields have 96 percent of the cumulative production (table 16-7).
Except in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and a few states in the United States, public information on proved reserves is seldom available for individual producing fields or pools. Therefore, where not otherwise given, a reserve was calculated assuming a 20-year decline based on latest available annual production; if data only for oil in-place are
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Table 16-1. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for Texas fields, by basin (million barrels)
Code
Geological Basin
Name Number of
Fields 1979
Production
Annual
1980
Cumulative
Reserves Ultimate Recovery
220 260 320 350 360 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440
Gulf Coast Basin East Texas Basin Sioux Basin So. Okla. Fold Belt Anadarko Basin Ouachita Tectonic Belt Llano Uplift Strawn Basin Fort Worth Syncline Bend Arch Permian Basin Palo Duro Basin Amarillo Arch
Total
3,010 464
1 165 174
58 63 10
577 1,940 2,479
178 10
9,129
219.751 120.514
0.010 7.768
13.826 .636 .358 .016
8.325 30.814
556.150 20.274
.084
978.526
214.159 111.557
0.005 7.507
13.584 .824 .298 .012
8.312 30.520
525.632 18.582
.072
931.064
13,406.176 7,666.429
0.015 514.476
1,512.008 42.874 13.323
1.549 560.061
2,176.299 17,639.932 1,149.920
2.673
44,685.735
2,169.419 1,117.473
0.051 75.126
135.985 8.279 3.015
.126 83.865
308.833 5,283.624
186.091 .740
9,372.627
15,576 8,784
590 1,648
51 16 2
644 2,485
22,924 1,336
3_
54,059
CO CO
Table 16-3. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for Texas fields, by basins, for fields with recorded gravity values (million barrels)
Production
Geological Basin Numhnr of Annual Cumulative
Code Name Fields 1979 1980 Reserves Ultimate Recovery
220 260 320 350 360 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440
Gulf Coast Basin 3,010 East Texas Basin 464 Sioux Basin 1 So. Okla. Fold Belt 165 Anadarko Basin 174 Ouachita Tectonic Belt Province 58 Llano Uplift 63 Strawn Basin 10 Fort Worth Syncline 577 Bend Arch 1,940 Permian Basin 2,479 Palo Duro Basin 178 Amarillo Arch 10
Total 9,129
219.751 120.514
.010 7.768
13.826 .636 .358 .016
8.325 30.814
484.101 20.274
.084
906.477
214.158 111.557
.015 7.507
13.584 .824 .298 .012
8.312 30.520
462.275 18.582
.072
867.716
13,406.014 7,666.429
.015 514.476
1,512.008 42.874 13.323
1.549 560.061
2,176.299 16,385.638
1,149.920 2.673
43,431.279
2,169.412 1,117.473
.051 75.126
135.985 8.279 3.015
.126 83.865
308.833 4,650.056
186.091 .740
8,739.052
15,575 8,784
590 1,648
51 16 2
644 2,485
21,036 1,336
3_
52,170
Table 16-2. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for United States, excluding Texas fields, by basin (million barrels)
Code
140 160 200 210 220 230 240 300 305 315 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 430 435 450 455
Geological Basin
Name
South Florida Province Appalachian Basin Warrior Basin Mid-Gulf-Coast Basin Gulf Coast Basin Arkla Basin Desha Basin Cincinnati Arch Michigan Basin Illinois Basin Forest City Basin Ozark Uplift Arkoma Basin South Okla. Fold Belt Province Chautauqua Platform Anadarko Basin Cherokee Basin Nemaha Anticline Sedgwick Basin Salina Basin Central Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Basin Ouachita Tectonic Belt Permian Basin Palo Duro Basin Las "Animas Arch Las Vegas-Raton Basin
Number of Fields
9 107
14 493 615 567
1 36
431 1,337
83 1
89 368
1,787 1,640
215 326 566 42
1,868 64
255 16
537 42 68
1
Annual
1979
.447
.078 42.336
118.419 42.280
.021
24.990 1.545
5.913 43.919 41.608 53.037 3.013 4.692 5.957
.362 25.414
2.248 39.772
.050 68.465
.663 1.204
Production
1980
.347 43.658
105.312 42.488
6.375 39.827 41.855 41.869
20.415 .042
65.779 .680 .975
Cumulative
58.327 1,111.522
.688 2,160.469 8,449.531 3,025.933
.007 106.091 772.484
4,330.164 78.367
.879 429.632
3,172.075 6,818.869 1,910.259
241.128 667.440 720.096 44.390
2,835.748 65.987
1,168.958 2.864
3,791.632 43.895 29.852
.002
Reserves
50.564 4.566 3.474
872.057 1,068.427
461.751
.231 322.454 338.591
16.227 .214
64.131 398.574 419.024 528.537 31.090 55.277 61.235 3.642
268.034 23.199
422.137 .425
666.621 6.850
14.594 .002
Ultimate Recovery
109 1,116
4 3,033 9,518 3,488
106 1,095 4,669
95 1
494 3,571 7,238 2,439
272 723 781 48
3,104 89
1,591 3
4,458 51 44
500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 570 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 810 820 890 952
953
958
Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Uplift Powder River Basin Big Horn Basin Wind River Basin Green River Basin Denver Basin North Park Basin Uinta Uplift Uinta Basin San Juan Basin Paradox Basin Black Mesa Basin Piceance Basin Great Basin Mojave Basin Salton Basin Northern Coast Range Sacramento Basin Santa Cruz Basin Coastal Basin San Joaquin Basin Santa Maria Basin Ventura Basin Los Angeles Basin Gulf of Alaska Basin Cook Inlet Basin Arctic Slope Basin Louisiana Gulf of Mexico
Offshore-State Louisiana Gulf of Mexico
Offshore—Federal California Offshore-Fed. & State
30 25
391 125 96
152 988
9 1
47 88 70 6
20 4 2 1 5 3 3
14 116 32 48 85
158
63
2
3.304 1.199
46.480 45.659 15.130 15.983 13.629
.284
.254 13.605 4.122 9.618
.428 19.524
.086
.065
.010
.054
.159
.032 11.427
202.380 26.387 17.899 90.872
42.922 475.626 232.713
63.381
5.252
Total 14,254 1,884.917
35.612 42.191 14.536 15.313 9.198
.262
.144 11.747 3.974 8.784
.369 17.861
.094
36.252 •62.195 I20.220
74.559
508.021 47.330
1,524.014 2,740.102 1,690.215
644.720 787.621
12.884 9.970
276.877 188.070 405.822
14.197 790.333
3.222 3.758
.735 2.278 7.627 1.459
414.708 7,708.709 1,256.758 1,409.756 8,467.696
.154 924.975 672.208
6,598.682
491.763
108.002
33.493 12.301
450.285 433.043 148.909 190.717 135.928
2.640 1.445
117.515 39.779 87.974 3.727
178.696 .946 .658 .105 .547
1.618 .326
114.278 2,023.826
264.465 179.037 909.078
362.520 5,686.811 2,338.022
747.792
52.528
542 60
1,974 3,173 1,839
835 924
16 11
394 228 494
18 969
4 4 1 3 9 2
529 9,733 1,521 1,589 9,377
1,287 6,359 8,937
1,240
161
1,462.933 79,749.955 20,620.937 100,371
Table 16-4. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for United States, excluding Texas fields, by basin, for fields with recorded gravity values (million barrels}
Production
Code
140 160 200 210 220 230 240 300 305 315 335 340 345 350 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 430
Geological Basin
Name
South Florida Province Appalachian Basin Warrior Basin Mid-Gulf-Coast Basin Gulf Coast Basin Arkla Basin Desha Basin Cincinnati Arch Michigan Basin Illinois Basin Forest City Basin Ozark Uplift Arkoma Basin So. Okla. Fold Belt Anadarko Basin Cherokee Basin Nemaha Anticline Sedgwick Basin Salina Basin Central Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Basin Permian Basin
Number of Fields
7 34 4
430 588 520
1 13
308 495
25 1 1 2
206 26
131 250
24 895 42
241
Annual Cumulative
1979 1980 Reserves Ultimate Recovery
.053
.050 29.596
117.647 40.171
.007
4.464 .116
.002 2.051
.351 1.175 1.087 .080
3.567 2.070
39.276 60.936
.067 26.179
104.430 40.055
.001
.038
19.215/ 56.945 X;
55.163 901.916
.219 1,216.537 8,407.095 2,755.664
.007
.581 743.712 579.559
4.419 .874 .158 .127
46.713 66.671 68.769
124.950 9.330
529.868 64.818
1,164.799 3,307.176
41.263 1.374 .716
695.657 1,060.752
411.763
.078 280.141
73.057 1.359 .214
.016 20.898 3.640
16.156 11.033
.802 44.446 21.019
407.622 586.664
96 903
1 1,912 9,468 3,167
1 1,024
653 6 1
68 70 85
136 10
574 86
1,572 3,894
450 500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 820 890 952
958
Las Animas Arch Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Uplift Powder River Basin Big Horn Basin Wind River Basin Green River Basin Denver Basin North Park Basin Unita Basin San Juan Basin Paradox Basin Black Mesa Basin Piceance Basin Great Basin Mojave Basin Salton Basin Northern Coast Range Sacramento Basin Santa Cruz Basin Coastal Basin San Joaquin Basin Santa Maria Basin Ventura Basin Los Angeles Basin Cook Inlet Basin Arctic Slope Basin Louisiana Gulf of Mexico
Offshore-State California Offshore—Fed.
Total
413 29 26 25
281 96 73 95
606 5 5
57 14 5 6 1 2 1 5 3 3
14 114 31 47
1 152
&St. 2
6,448
.347 3.304 1.199
31.899 40.214
8.057 14.259 9.935
.085
2.275 .210 .429
19.081 .086 .066 .011 .055 .159 .033
11.428 202.345
24.398 17.802 90.513 32.307
468.422 43.154
5.252
1,330.024
.067
23.326 36.909
7.925 13.617 6.581
.079
2.214 .186 .369
17.438 .093
26.966 55.398 38.062
11.956 282.950 47.316
1,158.098 1,820.946 1,008.371
432.014 678.963
10.682 .012
172.353 10.587 14.196
733.773 3.211 3.758
.735 2.278 7.627 1.459
414.708 7,707.577 1,240.749 1,401.706 8,466.281
577.755 550.900
3,925.958
108.002
4.646 33.489 12.301
332.309 382.093
82.732 139.397 87.652
.790 4.158
22.189 2.360 3.727
174.393 .936 .658 .105 .547
1.618 .326
114.278 2,023.274
244.566 178.064 905.485 269.982
5,553.980 2,374.360
52.528
17 316
60 1,490 2,203 1,091
571 767
11 4
195 13 18
908 4 4 1 3 9 2
529 9,731 1,485 1,580 9,372
848 6,105 6,300
161
976.160 50,844.051 16,681.672 67,526
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Table 16-5. Comparison of United States data, this report for all records in (API) (billion barrels)
1979 production Cumulative production Reserves Ultimate recovery Number of fields
Texas
1.0 44.7
9.4 54.1
9,129
This Report
Other States
1.9 79.7 20.6
100.4 14,254
data file and American
Texas
1.0 44.0
9.0 51.6
Petroleum Institute
API
Other States
2.0 76.8 19.4 96.2
Table 16-6. Comparison of United States data, all records and records showing oil-gravity values (billion barrels)
Records with Gravity Values All Records
1979 production Cumulative production Reserves Ultimate recovery Number of fields
Texas
0.9 43.4
8.7 52.2
9,129
Other States
1.3 50.8 16.7 67.5
6,448
Texas
1.0 44.7
8.7 54.1
9,129
Other States
1.9 79.7 20.6
100.4 14,254
Table 16-7. Cumulative production by country, excluding United States and Canada, of all fields and of those with gravity values (million barrels)
Country All Fields Fields with API Gravity
Percent with API Gravity
Cuba Guatemala Barbados Colombia Venezuela Trinidad Ecuador Peru Bolivia Brazil Chile Argentina Norway Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Netherlands West Germany France Austria Italy Yugoslavia Greece Spain
2.81 0.92
.41 2,134.26
37,123.83 1,919.45
692.95 8,949.83
176.78 1,160.14
185.86 1,669.99
765.98 17.18
0 1,949.35
347.27 1,300.18
375.34 587.45 242.27 332.81
0 92.46
2.81 0.92
.41 2,122.36
36,978.32 1,918.31
692.95 8,909.68
176.78 1,150.76
183.91 1,580.75
765.98 17.18
0 1,828.84
347.27 1,224.78
375.34 586.45 242.27 286.64
0 92.46
100 100 100 99 99 99
100 99
100 99 99 95
100 100
0 94
100 94
100 99
100 86
0 100
104
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-7. (continued)
Country
Turkey Syria Israel Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Kuwait Neutral Zone Bahrain Qatar Abu Dhabi Dubai Ras al Kal Oman Sharja Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Chad Sudan Senegal Ivory Coast Ghana Benin Nigeria Cameroon Gabon Congo Zaire Angola Japan Afghanistan Pakistan India Burma Taiwan Thailand Philippines Malaysia Brunei Indonesia Australia New Zealand Mexico USSR Poland Hungary Romania Bulgaria Albania China
Total
All Fields
378.93 553.83
15.84 10,791.41 26,465.39 37,328.48 19,790.58 3,265.89
671.46 3,175.40 5,821.94
890.79 0
1,483.96 59.31 16.14
5,145.85 448.26
11,692.47 2,384.79
0 0
.03
.56 1.58
0 8,248.03
38.22 853.69 137.08 31.72
532.40 147.73
.29 95.18
750.65 447.66
2.66 1.02
11.33 552.19
1,607.86 8,576.95 1,481.97
.22 7,817.08
20,920.43 0
51.10 793.00
12.19 0
678.00
244,199.06
Fields with Percent with API Gravity API Gravity
369.91 553.83
15.84 10,791.41 21,897.62 35,495.55 19,790.58 3,265.89
671.46 3,175.40 5,785.09
890.79 0
1,483.96 59.31 15.89
4,863.28 448.26
11,664.90 2,098.15
0 0
.03
.56 1.58
0 8,213.90
38.22 853.69 137.08 31.72
532.40 136.49
.28 95.18
750.65 445.78
2.66 1.02
11.33 552.19
1,587.11 8,221.17 1,481.97
.22 6,467.78
20,848.92 0
51.10 793.00
12.19 0
500.00
234,590.51
98 100 100 100 83 95
100 100 100 100 99
100 100 100 100 98 95
100 99 88
0 0
100 100 100
0 99
100 100 100 100 100 92 99
100 100 99
100 100 100 100 99 96
100 100 83 99
0 100 100 100
0 74
105
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
given, the reserve was calculated as 10 percent of that value. This procedure, suggested by T.A. Fitzgerald of the World Bank, implies no improvement in overall recovery technology. Few proved-reserves data are published for small fields, but a comparison of our computed reserves with those published by the American Petroleum Institute for the 100 largest fields shows good agreement with their total of proved plus indicated additional reserves, for those fields producing heavy oil. Reserves are presented in this way (1) to enable specialists in different areas to see how the aggregates are derived, (2) to disclose obvious errors, and (3) to permit assessment of the relative importance of different areas-whether basin or political entity—with respect to heavy oil and bitumen.
For the major heavy-oil and bitumen deposits, such as those in Canada, Venezuela, and the U.S.S.R., much information is available on the amount of oil or bitumen in-place and the amount probably recoverable with known technologies under known conditions of occurrence. Much less is known concerning deposits of this type elsewhere, and for purposes of estimation, producible reserves are calculated as 5 percent of oil in-place in carbonate and 10 percent in clastic rocks. This method does not consider upgrading by carbon rejection, which would decrease such estimates by an additional 25 percent. In converting data, we have used 7 barrels per tonne of oil or 63 barrels per cubic meter.
Where reliable, published information on reserves is available, we use it with proper reference citation. Oil or bitumen in-place represents definitive information; if a citation is not present in the tables, the oil in-place figure is approximated as 20 times the reserve number. Oil in-place data have not been totaled in the tables because too many of the values are missing and the incomplete total would lead to seriously erroneous impressions of overall recovery if compared with the ultimate recovery figures, which, of themselves, are only approximations.
RESOURCE CONSIDERATIONS Exceedingly large amounts of heavy crude oil and bitu
men are present in the world, but it is not known with precision the proportion of this material ultimately to become recoverable. Certain facts must be considered: initial capital investment per daily barrel for recovery of oil from tar sands is high, even though spread over the 30-year life of the projects; energy costs for extraction are at best about one barrel for 25 barrels produced, but commonly are one barrel for three; environmental costs, mostly from air pollution, frequently are high; and, using any present technology, producing capacities do not approach those obtained for medium and light crude reservoirs, especially reservoirs of 100 million barrels or greater. At the same time, the resources of heavy crude oil and bitumen, even when viewed conservatively, as in this report, are exceedingly large; both heavy oil and bitumen are high in energy content and ultimate recoveries of bitumen may approach 90 percent. Consequently, the size of the resource is not a deterrent to exploitation, utilization, or investment in research on production and upgrading.
Heavy oil and bitumen, if produced from an oil field, necessarily possess at least some minimum mobility. The reserve estimate, based on a 20-year decline, thus makes no allowance for improved future recoverability regardless of price, for increased price, which would prolong reservoir life by permitting a greater water-cut, or for government incentives, which would amount to the same thing as increased price.
Heavy oil and bitumen being produced today—by our evaluation about 1.4 billion barrels per year—are obviously economic, due to either incentives or production costs lower than price. We do not know very accurately the degree to which production might be affected by a significant price drop from late 1982 world oil prices of about $32-$34 (US) per barrel.
An important factor in heavy-oil production will be the increased desire of producing countries possessing both light and heavy crude oils to insist on exploitation of the latter while supplies of the former are still available as diluent.
RECOVERY Average recovery of heavy crude oil and bitumen from
the reservoir has historically been much lower than the average for all oils. However, there are so many variables among reservoirs with respect to homogeneity, geological settings, and the ways in which the fluid contents are calculated, that generalization should be conservative.
The average recovery factor in the U.S.S.R. for all oil is reported to be 43 percent (Dvorets, 1981); where wet combustion—air plus water-is used to help retain light oil fractions lost with dry combustion, heavy-oil recovery is increased by 25 to 30 percent. Steam has been used to raise recovery from 7 to 70 percent, and mining plus heat, as at Yarega and Balakhany, suggests recoveries to 90 percent.
In the United States, heavy oil producers obtain recoveries, with the addition of thermal methods, of 40 to 55 percent, but hope, with the aid of foam and inert gases, to attain 70 percent recovery. Other recovery goals are to exploit reservoirs below 2,500 ft effectively and to find alternatives to the consumption of one-third of produced oil or its equivalent for steam generation (Williams, 1981). Cogeneration would appear to be useful under proper conditions, and gas, either natural or synthetic, for steam generation would mitigate air-pollution problems. At Huntington Beach, California, an offshore steam-injection project is starting, which will involve generators both on the platform and onshore. Another offshore steam-injection project is being commenced at Emeraude field, Congo (World Oil, 1982a). Although 23° gravity API oil is involved, the techniques will be applicable to future offshore heavy-oil discoveries. Recoveries of heavy oil from the Maracaibo and Falcon basin heavy oil fields of western Venezuela have been increased, by steam injection, from about 11 to 18 percent (Volkenborn, 1981; Burkill, 1982). Here, as produced fluid is removed from the reservoir, compaction aids the recovery process. The recovery factor for the extra-heavy oil fields of the eastern Venezuela basin is 5.7 percent (Zamora & Gambrano, 1982), and for all Venezuelan
106
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
heavy oil, including extra heavy, it is 14 percent. In the fringe fields of the Orinoco heavy-oil area of the eastern Venezuela basin innovative production techniques are used (Diaz, 1981). These include mechanical pump, hydraulic pump, gas lift, and the introduction of light oil into the wellbore as a diluent for the extra-heavy oil. Steam-injection projects have been introduced to gain experience for the major effort at exploitation now being initiated by Mene-ven and Lagoven; apparently, compaction in this area is not a factor in recovery (Vasquez & Pacheco, 1982). The Lagoven effort is part of a proposed production and refining complex that will require 170,000 barrels per day (B/D) of production to yield 140,000 B/D of synthetic crude, the balance being for use at the refinery and in the field (Aalund, 1980). In Canada, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (1982) and the Saskatchewan Department of Mineral Resources (1981) each publish basic data on reservoirs, including fractional recovery by both primary and enhanced methods. The bulk of the rocks in these provinces is clastic. Few of the primary recoveries exceed 10 percent; however, waterflooding may add 18 percent or more. Incremental recovery by other methods is not given. Jha and Verma (1982) suggest that enhanced oil recovery in Lloydminster/Kindersley areas of Saskatchewan can yield 25 to 30 percent recoveries of the oil in-place.
The Alberta Board also prepares estimates of the amount of crude bitumen in-place in Alberta and, of that, the mineable reserve. For this exercise, the Board calculates the amount of resource in-place, the amount having less than 75 m overburden, the portion of the resulting amount deemed to be economically strippable, and the amount lost for facilities. To this figure they apply a 75 percent mining/ extraction recovery factor, and to this, a 75 percent upgrading factor, which could be avoided in the future by application of different technology. The result is an overall recovery of about 23 percent before upgrading and 17.5 percent for synthetic liquid from the plant. The Board publishes no estimates for crude bitumen that would require production by in-situ methods or of the bitumen deemed to be presently unrecoverable because it is too deeply buried to strip mine and too shallow for in-situ thermal recovery.
Unfortunately, a vast gulf exists between actual recoveries that use technologies proved to be workable and currently in operation and potential recoveries that will use technologies still in the laboratory or, perhaps, field-pilot stage. The technical ability to recover heavy crude oil and bitumen and the energy costs for exploitation and upgrading, together with production capacity, are factors of crucial importance to the future role of these resources. Bearing directly upon present recovery is the status of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as applied to heavy oil. The Oil and Gas Journal (1982d) listed known EOR projects, from which we have abstracted those being applied to heavy oil reservoirs in the United States (table 16-8) and other places (table 16-9). In the U.S., the 132 projects produced about 81 million barrels per year from fields that produce a total of over 223 million barrels per year. The recovery techniques are dominated by steam soak and steam drive pro
jects, mostly in California. Another thermal method, in-situ combustion, accounts for nearly 2 million barrels per year. Additional work is being done on other methods of EOR in the attempt to recover more heavy oil, especially by use of COi flooding and polymers. In other parts of the world, EOR projects, using mainly thermal recovery techniques, account for 18 million barrels per year in fields producing a total of 471 million barrels per year. Similar efforts with heavy oil are being made elsewhere, but information is less available. Clearly, in the years ahead the petroleum engineer will play an increasingly active role in making new oil supplies available, as exploration for new conventional deposits yields diminishing results.
Bitumen recovery projects are described in chapters 107 (U.S.A.) and 108 (Canada). These excellent reviews highlight the difficulties with respect to cost and technology attendant to the recovery of a significant portion of the reserves described in this chapter.
OIL MINING The mining of oil, and especially heavy oil, from shallow
oil reservoirs is perhaps the ultimate extension of the petroleum engineer's goal of maximum possible oil recovery. Some reservoirs are sufficiently shallow to permit stripping of the overburden as is done with tar-sand deposits. At most places, however, the reservoirs will contain too small a volume of oil to be strip mined economically. The McKittrick field in California, U.S.A. is an example of the strip-mining approach (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982a). There, a recovery of as much as 380 million barrels from the diatomite reservoir rock is expected.
Another way to tackle the problem is to combine mining with thermal methods, as done in the U.S.S.R. at Yarega (Dvorets, Sorokin, & Surguchev, 1982; Dvorets, 1981). The technique is to sink a shaft through the reservoir, run drifts out from the shaft, drill nearly horizontal holes from the drifts, stimulate the reservoir with steam, and collect the oil by gravity drainage. The method works, for at Yarega annual production is 4.2 million barrels. The same approach is scheduled for the Mildred Lake project in the Alberta, Canada Athabasca deposit (Quinn, 1981), in the U.S.S.R. at Balakhany, Azerbaijan (Dvorets, 1981), and at Tisdale Mountain, Wyoming, U.S.A. (Hutchins & Wassum, 1981).
The mining of oil goes far back in time but was practiced prominently early in this century at Wietze, West Germany and at Pechelbronn, France. Ruhl (1982) stated that about 15 percent of the Wietze oil in-place had been produced before oil mining started in 1920; the mining process, coupled with gravity drainage, led to an additional 22 percent recovery. A problem with oil mining is pointed out in the report by ESCAP (1982): attempts to mine Australia's Lakes Entrance field in the 1920s were stopped by water influx. Oil mining has been conducted in Japan and Romania as well (Schumacher, 1982).
Other examples of this extraction process could be cited, but these suffice to show that the method is deemed to be
107
Table 16-8. U.S. enhanced oil recovery projects in heavy oilfields (thousand barrels)
State/ Province
California California California California California California California Texas Texas
Arkansas California
California
Arkansas California Mississippi Texas
Wyoming
Arkansas California Wyoming
Texas Texas Arkansas California California California Texas Wyoming Louisiana Louisiana
Deposit Name
Belridge, S. Fruitvale Lost Hills Midway-Sunset Midway-Sunset Newport, W. San Ardo Forest Hill Slocum
Lick Creek Huntington Beach
Wilmington
Smackover Richfield Yellow Creek, W. Hagist Ranch Seventy-Six, W. Kummerfield
Smackover Wilmington Bison Basin
Saner Ranch Saner Ranch Smackover San Ardo San Ardo San Ardo Sour Lake Winkleman Dome White Castle White Castle
Basin Code
745 745 745 745 745 760 740 260 260
230 760
760
230 760 210 220 220 515
230 760 535
220 220 230 740 740 740 220 530 220 220
Project Type
In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion
9 projects
C02 Miscible C02 Immisc./steam
soak
2 projects
Micellar/polymer
1 project
Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer
6 projects
Caustic Caustic Caustic
3 projects
Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive
Annual Production
Field
18,070
1,021 40,165 40,165
842 10,897
215 127
5,167
39,592
1,387
2
39,592
74 74
10,897 10,897 10,897
Project
511
183 86
210 730 41
115 46
1,922
329 131
460
44
44
0 0
183 24
3 110
320
0 0
66
66
142 66
292 0
1,387 8,213
0 210 402 183
Prior Production Method
Steam soak Primary Primary Primary None Primary Primary/steam Primary Primary
Primary Primary
Waterflood
Waterflood Waterflood Waterflood Waterflood Primary Waferflood
Waterflood Waterflood Primary
Unproducible tar Unproducible tar Primary Primary/steam soak Primary/steam soak Cyclic Primary None Primary Primary
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111
Table 16-9. Enhanced oil recovery projects in heavy oilfields outside the United States (thousand barrels)
Country
Brazil
Trinidad Trinidad
Trinidad
Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela Venezuela
France
France
Canada
Canada Canada
Deposit Name
Castanhal
Forest Reserve Forest Reserve
Parrylands
Bachaquero Jobo Jobo Jobo Lagunillas Morichal Morichal
Pirital
Pirital
Tia Juana Tia Juana
Grenade
Maruejols
Athabasca
Athabasca Athabasca
Project Type
Steam soak
Steam drive Steam drive
Steam soak
Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal
Steam soak
Steam drive
Thermal Thermal
C02
Steam soak
Steam drive/forward combustion
Steam drive Steam drive/electric preheat
Annual Production
Field
2,346 2,346
140,096 12,676 12,676 12,676
168,527 6,206 6,206
1,134
1,134
80,929 80,929
58,400
58,400 58,400
Project
55
913 237
110
616 358 928
4,745 3,331
0 161
0
0
0 91
4
44
66
0 0
Prior Production Method
None
Primary/steam soak Primary
Primary
Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary
Primary
Cyclic steam
Primary Primary
Primary
Primary
None
None None
Province
/
Alberta
Alberta Alberta
Canada Canada
Cold Lake Cold Lake
Steam soak Steam soak/steam drive
CO
Canada
Canada
Canada Canada
Canada
Canada Canada Canada
Canada
Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada
Canada
Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada
Eyehill
Fort Kent
Marguerite Lake Muriel Lake
Peace River
Primrose Resdeln St. Lina
Viking
Kitscoty Marguerite Lake Provost Silverdale Silverdale Viking
Athabasca
Battrum #1 Battrum #2 Battrum #3 Celtic Joli Fou
Steam soak/forward combustion
Steam soak/steam driv<
Steam soak Steam soak
Steam drive
Steam soak Steam soak Steam soak
Steam drive
Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion
COFCAW
Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion
43 projects
Source: Oil & Gas Journal, 1982d.
28
3,650 73
219
None None
Primary
Alberta Alberta
Saskatchewan
402 None
260 189 189
58,400
122
0 0
0
0 0
37
0
0 0 0 0
55 0
37
1,059 475 475
0 0
Negligible None
None
None None None
Primary
Primary Negligible Primary Primary Primary Primary
None
Primary Primary Primary Primary None
Alberta
Alberta Alberta
Alberta
Alberta Alberta Alberta
Alberta
Alberta Alberta Alberta Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Alberta
Alberta
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Alberta
18,141
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
practical and economic in many places. It may be assumed that screening procedures will be developed in many countries to select candidate reservoirs, thereby adding greatly to recoverable reserves.
HEAVY OIL OFFSHORE The production of heavy oil from the offshore presently
is minimal; however, important offshore discoveries and resources are being identified and, at some places, attempts made to stimulate production. Among the known offshore fields containing heavy oil at least in part are Emeraude (Congo) (World Oil, 1982a), the Montedison No. 1 Vega (Sicily) (Oil & Gas Journal, 1981b), Bressay and Clair in the North Sea (Ruhl, 1982), the initial reservoir found in the No. 1 Chac in Campeche Sound, Mexico (Juarez Mendex, 1981), Huntington Beach (Williams, 1981), Wilmington offshore and Point Arguello, California (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982c), and Soldado, Trinidad.
Two discoveries have been made offshore in the Adriatic Sea: Ancona-Pescara and Vasto (Dalla Casa et al., 1981). Neither of these fields is as yet in production. Discoveries have been made in the Mediterranean, offshore Spain at San Carlos I and II (Rosing, 1981), as well as offshore Senegal at Flore Dome.
Efforts at steam injection are being made at Emeraude by Elf, at Huntington Beach by Aminoil, and in the offshore portion of Wilmington field, California by a consortium of operators (THUMS group). Such projects add a new dimension to offshore oil exploitation because of the requirement for steam generation at the site (platform) or through insulated steam lines from onshore. It is a mark of
the interest in crude oil supply that such projects are being attempted.
UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES The levels of undiscovered or poorly known recoverable
resources in our report are presumed to be understood— perhaps vastly so—because we estimate such quantities only upon the basis of published information. For the United States we first identified a volume of known oil in each basin that is heavy (table 16-10). We then applied the proportion of heavy oil to the amount of undiscovered oil in each basin, as estimated by Dolton and others (1981). Then we added a conservative estimate of the presently poorly known reserves in the Santa Barbara channel offshore California; recent discoveries in and near the Point Arguello field indicate important heavy oil reserves there (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982c).
Outside the United States (table 16-11) we used a similar approach for those countries surveyed by Masters and others (Masters, 1981ab; Masters & Peterson, 1981ab; Masters & Riva, 1981; Ulmishek & Harrison, 1982). As with the United States, this approach to undiscovered heavy oil is valid, but the results are entirely dependent upon the accuracy of the original estimates of total oil, and for all countries the median estimates were accepted. Elsewhere, the estimates are those given in the references, except for the few resulting from personal discussions.
Table 16-12 gives estimates for bitumen in deposits that are either poorly known or else in portions of well-known deposits as yet not well-defined. Probably a large part of many of the deposits shown in other tables as reserves should be listed here instead; only for the United States and
Table 16-10. Ultimate recovery from U.S. fields, by gravity and basin, and undiscovered resources (million barrels; API gravity: light, greater than 25°; medium, 20°-25°; heavy, 10°-20°; extra heavy, less than 10°; + - present)
Code
140 160 200 210 220 230 240 260 300 305 315 320 335 340 345 350 360 365 370
Geologic Province
Name
North Slope South Florida Appalachian Warrior Mid-Gulf Gulf Coast Arkla Desha East Texas Cincinnati Arch Michigan Illinois Sioux Forest City Ozark Uplift Arkoma So. Okla. Foldbelt Anadarko Cherokee Nemaha Anticline
Light
6,105 12
903 1
1,058 23,780 2,927
0 8,383
1 1,019
651 + 5 1 +
585 1,716
66 84
Medium
0 85
0 +
10 1,096
207 +
357 0 5 1 0 + 0 0 3 + 4 1
Heavy
0 0 0 0
64 500 731
0 1,291
0 + 0 0 + 0 0 3 + 0 1
Extra-Heavy
0 0 0 0
13 6 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy and Extra-Heavy (percent)
0 0 0 0 7 2 3 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Undiscovered Resource of Heavy + Extra-Heavy
72 69 (includes province 210)
156
+ +
+
+ +
+
114
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-10. (continued)
Code
375 380 385 390 395 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 450 500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 820 952 958
Geologic Province
Name
Sedgwick Salina Cen. Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Ouachita Belt Llano Uplift Strawn Fort Worth Bend Arch Permian Palo Duro Amarillo Arch Las Animas Arch Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Powder River Big Horn Wind River Green River Denver North Park Uinta San Juan Paradox Black Mesa Piceance Great Basin Mojave Salton Northern Coast Range Sacramento Santa Cruz Coastal San Joaquin Santa Maria Ventura Los Angeles Cook Inlet Louisiana Offshore California Offshore
Totals
Light
134 10
569 83
1,561 45 16 2
644 3,485
24,797 763
3 17
316 51
1,325 1,227
920 566 745
11 4
195 13 18
908 4 4 0 2 9 2
73 4,533
830 1,434 4,069
848 6,242
161
103,936
Medium
2 0 4 2 1 1 + 0 + 0
81 753
0 + 0 8
147 893 156
2 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 +
2,108 +
97 4,930
0 59 0
11,033
Heavy
+ 0 1 +
11 6 + 0 1 +
72 0 0 0 + 1
36 258
29 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
568 6,264
756 66
4,246 0 0 0
14,918
Extra-Heavy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 8
13 + 0 0 0
46
Heavy and Extra-Heavy
(percent)
0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2
11 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 33
0 33 89 48 48
5 32
0 0 0
Undiscovered Resource of Heavy + Extra-Heavy
+
+ + +
+
+ +
58
+ 2
28 110 24 + 8
+ +
+ 178 864
96 25
224
300
2,214
115
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Table 16-11. Estimates of undiscovered or poorly known heavy and extra-heavy crude oil, by country outside the U.S.A. (million barrels)
Country
Venezuela
Nigeria Mexico Indonesia Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq United Arab Emirates Kuwait Oman U.S.S.R.
Colombia
Peru Norway
Canada
Total
Area
Maracaibo Barinas-Apure Maturin Orinoco Belt Dahomey Southeast
Volga/Urals Middle Caspian West Siberia Baku area fields Cocorna area
Nare area
Northeast 31/32, Frigg, Heindal fields Alberta
Lloydminster
Saskatchewan Lloydminster Kindersley
Oil In-place
80,000 10,000 40,000
1,000,000
2,100 300
128
1,500
2,000
25,000
12,750 2,550
Reserves
18,000 2,200 2,300
143,000 31,000 16,000
800 2,900 1,300 3,900
400 200 100
1,700 2,600
16,000 210
26
13
150
200
2,500
893 286
246,678
Gravity (°API)
10-15-12-8-
13
13
8-
12
11-
11-11-
-12 -20 -18 -14
-20
-15
-15 -15
Reference
Zamara & Gambrano, 1982 Zamara & Gambrano, 1982 Zamara & Gambrano, 1982
Adegoke& I be, 1982 Masters & Peterson, 1981a Masters & Riva, 1981 Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters. 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters & Peterson, 1981b Ulmishek & Harrison, 1982 Masters, 1981b Schumacher, 1982 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981c,
1982b Oil & Gas Journal, 1981c,
1982b Pardo, 1981
McCrossan, Procter, & Ward, 1981
Christopher & Knudson, 1981 Christopher & Knudson, 1981
Table 16-12. Estimates of undiscovered or poorly known bitumen deposits, by country (million barrels)
Gravity Country Area Oil In-place Reserves (°API) Reference
Canada
United States
Melville Island Carbonate Trend Cold Lake Peace River Athabasca/Wabasca
Totals
Utah
Totals
30,000 1,562,000
66,000 20,000 28,000
1,706,000
8,800
2,000 78,000 3,000 1,000 1,000
85,000
880
965
7 7 8-13 8 -9 8-10
Walters, 1974 Outtrim & Evans, 1977
Campbell & Ritzma, 1981
116
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Canada is the necessary detail available to make such distinctions.
In table 16-13 are listed some of the announced heavy and extra-heavy oil discoveries that are yet to be defined. These occurrences suggest that heavy crude oil will continue to be found in more and more places throughout the world.
The additional bitumen deposits summarized in table 16-14 were visited by Abraham (1960) over many years, beginning about 1900. A great many of them have been exploited in the past, some since antiquity, mainly for paving materials and calking.
PRODUCTION AND RESERVES Tables 16-15, 16-16, and 16-17give,by country, except
the United States, and by field or deposit, the cumulative and annual production and reserves for heavy crude oil, extra-heavy crude oil, and bitumen. For the United States, the data are sorted according to geologic province and, within the province, by state. Heavy crudes and bitumen may be associated with natural gas reservoirs or else contain gas in solution, but statistics on the volumes of such gas are generally sparse to nonexistent. Tables 16-15, 16-16, and 16-17 plus those on the undiscovered resources (tables 16-10, 16-11, and 16-12) are the basis for the summary tables. The annual production for the United States and Canada is that for 1980; for other countries the data are mostly those of ] 979.
Table 16-18 provides an estimate of the amounts of bitumen and related hydrocarbons produced from surface deposits during the period 1906-1931, although the U.S. data extend to 1958, when such operations essentially had
ceased. About 1900, petroleum asphalt commenced to compete with the natural occurrences and, because of economic as well as technologic advantages, eventually won essentially the entire market. It is not clear if the tonnages in table 16-18 refer to essentially pure (mineral-free) asphalt or to asphaltic rock; if the former, the total represents roughly 330 million barrels. This, coupled with cumulative production of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and bitumen, indicates a cumulative production to date of more than 50 billion barrels.
AREA CONSIDERATIONS For the following areas of the world, additional informa
tion is available that may assist in understanding the full scope of heavy oil and bitumen operations in the world.
China Available data for China are scant. It is reasonable to
assume that our information is understated, considering that heavy oil is known to exist in 20 fields and that the country is little explored. The only available production data are for Sheng-Ii field; actual heavy oil production could be ten times this amount.
Gabon The abandoned coastal fields of Pointe Clairette, Cap
Lopez, and M'Bega, each containing reserves no greater than 10 million barrels, will be tested for cyclic steam injection (World Oil, 1982a).
Italy Dalla Casa and others (1981) estimate proved and prob
able reserves of heavy crude oil and bitumen in-place in
Table 16-13. Indications of heavy oil deposits as yet undefined
Country Area Remarks Reference
Guatemala
Brazil
France
Indonesia
Japan
Angola
Cameroon
Barbados
Surinam
Panama
U.S.A.
Peten
Sergipe/Alagoas
Aquitaine basin
Offshore
Honshu
North coast
Rio del Rey area
Charnocks area
Great Salt Lake, Utah
Texaco/Amoco No. 1 Xan, 13°, 12,100 ft, 2,300 B/D
Carmopolis field, 14
Grenade area, 10°
Utari field, 15°, 900 m, 100cp
Very small heavy oil deposits
Petrangol QF-1, 16.5°, 300 B/D, 1,750 m
Elf/Serepca, Pecten, 16°-20°, 900-4,200 m
General Crude, 18°
16°-18°, 550 ft
Existence of tar pits
Amoco 5.6°, High S, 2,300 ft, 1,500 B/D, being evaluated
World Oil, 1982b
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
Schumacher, 1982
World Bank, 1981
Oil & Gas Journal, 1979
117
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Table 16-14. Additional bitumen deposits listed by Abraham (1960)
Country Area Remarks
Deposits Less than 10% Mineral Matter
Mexico
Cuba
Venezuela
France
Greece
U.S.S.R.
Philippines
Tamaulipas Vera Cruz
Matanzas Santa Clara Camaguey Santiago de Cuba
Maracaibo Tachira
Auvergne
Zante
Sakhalin
Leyte
Asphalt springs, Tamesi R.; Chijol Asphalt springs, Tuxpan; Chapapote
20 B/D semiliquid asphalt Hard asphalt Pure soft asphalt Soft asphalt, small
Springs; 100,000 tons produced 1901-1905 Asphalt utilized for paving
Asphalt reefs; 100 tons/year prior to 1914
Springs and seeps; 10°
Great Okha Asphalt Lake and area; 3.5 million barrels of nearly pure asphalt
Several deposits of hard and soft asphalt
Deposits Over 10% Mineral Matter
U.S.A.
Cuba
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Missouri Kansas Indiana Arkansas Louisiana
Matanzas Havana
Parana, Sao Paulo and Bahia
Laguna de la Brea
Bolivar Antioquia Santander Boyaca
Guayas
Junin and Puno
Several large deposits Linn County; 20 million tons; quarried at times Princeton; liquid asphalt below coal bed Southwest; quarried at times Lafayette; 50 acres on surface
Bottom of Cardenas Harbor; mined in past Mined in past
Small occurrences
Asphalt Lake
Seepages used to calk ships Nare area Many seepages Formerly used for paving
Seepages reported in oil-prospecting pits
Asphalt used for paving
118
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-14. (continued)
Country
France
Switzerland
West Germany
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Greece
Spain
Portugal
U.S.S.R. (Europe)
Syria
Israel
Iraq
U.S.S.R. (Asia)
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
India
China
Philippines
Japan
Australia Tasmania
New Zealand
Indonesia
Algeria
Rhodesia
Area
Landes Gard Haute-Savoie and Ain Auvergne
Lac de Neuchatel
Hanover
Montenegro, Herzegovina
Trencsen, Moravia
Estremadura
Simbirsk Caucasia Transcaucasia
Leyte
Buton Island
Oran
Northern
Remarks
Asphalt mines at Gaujacj and Bastennes Ales basin; asphalt formerly distilled for motor fuel Asphalt mines Asphalt mines
Asphalt mined in past
Near Limmer; 3 million tons; other deposits in area
Asphalt limestones
Asphalt limestones
Various asphalt deposits
Asphalt deposits and pits
Soft asphalt
Asphaltic sand (garj) Soft asphalt (kir), fairly pure Numerous deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
Many small deposits
650,000 tons rock asphalt
Small deposits formerly mined
Small deposits
Small deposits
Small deposits
Mines with 1.2 million tons and 100 million tons of asphaltic marl
Seepages
Rock asphalt
119
Table 16-15. Heavy crude oil, by field (million barrels)
State/ Province
Deposit Name
Basin Code
Year Discovered
Original Oil In-place
Production
Cumulative Annual Reserves Density (°API) Reference
Albania
Devoli (Kucove) Patos
Totals
Mulenvos, S Quenguela, N
Totals
Llancanelo Pampa Del Castillo Centenario Cerro Wencesleo El Moralito
Totals
Lakes Entrance
Leoprechting Hohenruppersdorf Rabensburg Other fields
Totals
Seria
Gigen Tyulenovo
1928 1928
1966 1967
1961
1906 1941
1928
1961 1951
1,683
693
Angola
4.063 27.977
32.040
Argentina
18.625 29.855
48.480
Australia
1.500 3.700
.073
.955
30.000 74.000
5.200 104.000
1.464 19.109
1.028 20.573
300.000 .624 12.499
1.220 24.404 7.000
1.844 343.903
14.5 12.0
19.8 19.0
12.7 18.3 15.0
19.1
Perez, 1982; Freytas, 1982
Freytas, 1982 Freytas, 1982
Austria
.027
.119
.154
.300
Brunei
888.797
Bulgaria
12.185
.001
.002
.018
.021
13.509
.255
.001
.009
.048
.371 3.600
4.028
1,800.000
5.100 .008
16.0
13.0 20.0 20.0
19.0
12.7 19.0
ESCAP, 1982
Schumacher, '
ESCAP, 1982
131
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122
Miscellaneous
Totals for Saskatchewan
Totals for Canada
Sheng-Li Gaosheng Others
Totals
92 .780 .274 3.379
Cocorna Baul Cachira Rio Negro Castilla Casabe Cantagallo-Yarigui Velasquez Palagua Ermitano-Caipal Orito Lisama La Canada Maxine 1 Cantagello Galan Tello
1969 1959 1959 1960 1976 1941 1941 1945 1954 1955 1963 1957 1966
1941 1945 1972
Totals
Jatibonico
Parahuacu Culebra Yulebra Joan Ogian area Pungarayacu area
Totals
1954
1968
1974
210 2,000
6,000 125
200.965
253.450
China
Colombia
4.661 .016 .095 .046 .371
208.249 96.683
147.655 65.374
2.951 151.981
11.253 .455 .076
689.866
Cuba
1.325
Ecuador
1.119 .040 .027 .005
1.191
14.963
19.731
108.770
108.770
.221
.002
.006
.001
.227 1.681 2.759 2.483 1.911 .049
6.998 1.671
.047
.013
18.069
.083
1.020
1.020
178.628
240.164
42.00 400.00
442.00
4.427 .059 .120 .014
4.556 33.631 55.196 49.661 38.236
.997 139.961 33.429
.959
.265
361.511
1.660
20.410
1,500.000 12.500
1,532.910
20.0-24.0
12.5 16.4 18.9 17.0 15.0 20.0 18.4 19.9 15.9 16.2 19.1 20.4 19.7 13.0 19.7 19.0 20.2
15.5
19.8 19.5 19.0 18.0 12-13 12-18
ESCAP, 1982 Wenzhang, 1982 Wenzhang, 1982
Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal,
Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Donoso Jaramillo,
CO C
O C
O
00
00
00
0.0
.0.
1981d 1981d 1981d 1982
Paredes, 1982; Donoso Jaramillo, 1982
Table 16-15. (continued)
State/ Province
Original Deposit Basin Year Oil In-Name Code Discovered place
Production
Cumulative Annual Reserves Density <°API) Reference
Egypt
Ras Sudr Belayim Land Kareem Ras Bakr Ras Amer
Totals
1946 1955 1958 1958 1965
41.332 209.521
9.881 62.294
7.646
.540 12.932
.193 2.016
.718
10.805 258.649
3.868 40.336 14.368
20.0 18.9 18.6 20.5 20.0
330.674 16.399 328.026
France
Lacq Superieur Lugos Mimizan Nord Joigny St. Jean de Maruejols
Totals
Ozouri Animba Mandaros Marine Pageau Marine Other fields
F01 F01
F02
1949 1951 1959 1962 1947
1956 1957 1972 1972
Totals
Nagylengyel Other fields
Totals
1951
22.538 4.441 2.869
.045
.009
.342
.530
.098
.001
6.859 10.602
1.968 .020
20.6 20.8 12.2 15.9 11.4
29.902
Gabon
.971 19.449
Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
4.226 1.125
40.272 .113
45.736
Hungary
.031
.051 7.261
.036
7.379
1.300
.629 1.027
145.225 .736
10.000
157.617
26.000 163.000
19.0 13.0 20.9 19.0
19.0
World Oil, 1982a
Schumacher, 198
1.300 189.000
India
Badarpur Balol-Santhal-lenwal Asjol Sobhasan Sobhasan, W Jhalora Viraj
2.081 1.300
Shut in 500.000
14.4 15.0 19.5 18.6 18.6 19.0 19.9
ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP,
1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982
Kadi, N Mehsana Digboi Kharsang
Totals
Pamosian 1905 Klamono 1936 Duri 1941 Kulin 1970 Kitty 1973 Yakin 1976 Selatan 1971 Boela 1897 Sanga Sanga, Sam bod ja Moi 1979
Totals
Mansuri Nowruz Cyrus " B " Structure Darius-Kharg " F " Structure Kuh-e-Mund Susangerd
Totals
Zubair 1949 Butmah 1953 Jawan 1933 Najmah 1933 4,000 Qaiyarah 1927 10,000 Kirkuk (Avanah) 1927 Awasil 1940 Dujaila 1961 NahrUmr 1948 Ratawi 1950
1963 1965 1962 1972 1961 1968 1932 1967
2,000
1,000 500
20,000 5,000
50
Totals
3.381
Indonesia
185.757 89.339
296.221 9.591 7.869 1.370
14.400 8.164
316.000 .201
.358
.110
.468
1.423 .495
12.793 1.880 1.538 .403
nil
.110
500.000
28.460 9.900
255.872 37.611 30.772
8.063
18.0 15.0 13.0-38.0 17.0
18.0 18.5 19.7 13.2 18.0 18.1 19.5 20.0 17.0-35.0 19.4
ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982
Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
928.912 18.642 370.678
Iran
11.089 79.900 82.814
Abandoned Shut in Abandoned
Shut in
3.650 3.652 6.206
73.000 73.040
124.120 100.000
4,000.000 1,000.000
10.000
20.0 19.0 20.0 14.0 12.0-20.0 5.0-20.0 5.0-10.0
19.0
Nehring, 1981
Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981
173.803 13.508 5,380.160
Iraq
742.700 Shut in
10.000 7.400
Shut in
Shut in Shut in
48.000
.447
960.000
800.000 8.940
20.0 14.0 12.0-18.0 11.0-18.0 12.0-18.0 14.0 10.0 15.0 15.0-20.0 20.0
Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981
760.100 48.447 1,768.940
Table 16-15. (continued)
State/ Deposit Province Name
Basin Code
Year Discovered
Original Oil In-place
Production
Cumulative Annual Reserves Density (°API) Reference
San Giovanni Incarnico Tocco Casauria Ponte Dirillo Lanciano Tramutola Ragusa Pietramala Pisticci-Dimora S. Cataldo Emilio Vallecupa Other fields
1933 1958
1953
1960
1955
Totals
Niitsu Kurokawa Nanokaichi Michikawa-Nigorikawa Innai Kamihama-Kotaki Shonai (Ishinazaka-
Narahashi) Hachimori
Totals
Minagish Bah rah Burgan
Totals
Tsimiroro
1870 1914 1915 1918 1923 1938
1944 1938
1959 1956 1938
500
490 14
8,400
3,800
Italy
20.127 .081
6.155
.037 111.706
.113 4.937
1.050
.002
.407
.007
1.614
.263
Shut in
.050 8.150
.150
32.295
5.276 49.
840.
Miri 1911
313.000
Madagascar
Malaysia
80.000
7.600 152.000
600.000
18.8 18.4 13.5 15.0 17.3 19.7 19.3 10.4 11.6 14.0
Ruhl, 1982 -24.0 Ruhl, 1982; Dalla Casa et al„
Oalla Casaetal., 1981 1981
144.206
Japan
19.460 7.710
7.700 .700
9.090 .700
45.360
Kuwait
313.000
Minor
2.293
.071
.013
.008
.100
.054
.007
.047
.009
.309
7.600
934.921
1.420 .260 .160
2.000 1.080
.140
.940
.180
6.180
152.000
19.0 18.5 19.0 13.5 19.4 18.6
17.7 17.0
20.0
20.0
Shut in
15.0
18.6
Andrianasolo-Ralaimiza, 1981
ESCAP, 1982
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Table 16-15. (continued)
State/ Deposit Province Name
S. Fuwaris
Totals
Osioko Ekulama Assa Okpoko Upomami Ugh-Ogini Ugh-lsoko Other fields and reser
Totals
Qarn Alam Habur Rulib Amal Other fields
Totals
Joya Mir
Forestal Yanayacu Shiviyacu Shiviyacu Nordeste Bartra Huayuri, N. Cunambo San Jacinto Brentana Samiria
Basin Code
voirs
P01
P01 P01 P01 P01
Year Discovered
1963
1967 1958 1961 1967 1965 1964 1960
1972 1975 1979 1961
1944
1973 1974 1973 1977 1979 1980
1974 1974
Original Oil In-place
4,331
1,300
4,500
54
297
63 400
68 30
Production
Cumulative
1,025.983
Nigeria
6.124 97.675
3.510 12.056 8.987
16.110 3.852
148.314
Oman
14.317 2.516
Shut in Shut in
16.833
Pakistan
4.649
Peru
7.414 .077
17.376 .274
1.744 .038
Annual
38.519
.516 23.356
.332
.705 1.026 1.051 .622
64.642
92.250
1.387 .657
2.044
.134
5.011 .016
5.429 .132 .973 .042
Reserves
770.398
10.333 467.126
6.648 14.100 20.520 21.020 12.440
433.000
985.187
27.753 13.154
450.000
490.907
2.687
100.237 .321
108.587 2.649 8.038
.804 10.600 80.000 13.600 6.000
Density (°API)
17.0-19.0
18.0 20.2 20.5 19.0 17.5 19.0 19.0
15.5 16.0 19.0 20.0
16.0
18.3 18.6 19.6 15.8 14.2 18.4 10.0 14.0 13.6 16.0
Reference
Nehring, 1981
Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
Kharusi, 1982
Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Kharusi, 1982
Pardo, 1981
Pardo, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981
Totals 26.923 11.603 330.836
Leyte
Blejesti Videle-Blejesti-
Clejani-Bala
Totals
1959
ro CO
Abu Sa'Fah
Amposta Marino San Carlos I, II
Totals
Karatchok Jubaissah (Jibissa) Alian Other fields
1963
1970
1956 1963 1974
126
1,200 500
Totals
Trintoc Texaco Tesoro
Texaco Trintoc Trinmar
Shantzechiao
Boh Ton Kham (Chaiprakarn)
Ampur Fang
Point Fortin complex Brighton Land Palo Seco-Los
Bajos-Erin Forest Reserve Penal Soldado Main
TR2 TR2
TR2 TR2 TR2 TR2
1953
1907 1908
1926 1913 1936 1955
445
355
Philippines
Romania
Saudi Arabia
404.790
Spain
49.963 30.000
79.963
Syria
72.725 6.774
79.499
Taiwan
.010
Thailand
1.300
16.150
17.450
49.841
1.811
1.811
12.167 2.250 1.825
16.242
26.000
323.000
349.000
996.820
36.229 5.000
41.229
243.340 45.000 36.500
1,000.000
1,324.840
19.0
16.0
19.5
17.0 17.0
20.1 19.9 19.0
18.3
ESCAP, 1982
Ruhl, 1982 Rosing, 1981
Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Singh & Sastri, 1981 Gutierrez, 1981
.219
Trinidad
86.650 70.945
179.483 241.500
58.224 339.557
.005
1.350 .453
4.256 2.346
.545 16.010
1.544
25.800 2.780
85.132 46.920 56.800
320.216
15.5 16.4
19.0 18.5
12.0 15.5 20.0 15.5
ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982
Bertrand, 1979 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
Bertrand, 1979
Table 16-15. (continued)
State/ Province
Tesoro Texaco
Deposit Name
Guapo Barrackpore
Totals
Basin Code
TR2 TR2
Year Discovered
1913 1911
Original Oil In-place
Production
Cumulative Annual
38.964 .816 27.243 .537
1,042.566 26.313
Reserves
16.327 10.740
564.715
Density (°API)
13.5 18.3
Reference
Oil & Gas Journal, 1981 d
Turkey
Raman Kahta Bati Raman, Magrip Sezgin Yolacan Cobantepe Germik Silivanka G. Dincer
Totals
W.
1940 1958 1961 1961 1970 1970
1958 1962 1981
500 50
2,100 40
50
30 30
31.790 3.942
27.271 13.232
.077
.017
.096
5.000 .139
3.306 .042
1.032 .288 .004
.027
.558
66.127 .288
20.649 5.769
.086
.017
.557 6.000 6.000
11.160
20.0 13.0 14.2 18.0 20.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 16.7
Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
81.564 5.257 116.653
U.S.S.R.
Yaregskoye Kokaytynskoye Yuzhno-Koshkarskoye Munaylinskoye Teren'Uzyukskoye Tazhigalinskoye Usinskoye Amudar'lnskoye Kyurovdagskoye Lyal'Mikarskoye Russkoye Karazhanbas
1932 1939
1968 1974
North Sea
Totals
Bressay Clair
490 350
52.734 5,132.000
12.000 6.000
33.000 4.500
.450
9.898
5,250.582
1.060 .200
35.000
6.650
42.910
United Kingdom
21.200 4.000
700.000
133.000
500.000 500.000
1,858.200
47.000 35.000
18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 13.0 20.0 16.6 18.0
20.0
Schumacher, 1982 Schumacher, 1982
Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982
Totals 82.000
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144
Adas Lestes Libro Los Claros Barua Morichal Pirital Bombal Paez-Mingo Quiriquire Posa Lagunillas Tia Juana Pedernales Bachaquero Cabimas Adjuntas Tacat Temblador
Totals
Wietze Steimbke Old Wesendorf Ampfing Muehldorf-Sued Nordhorn Etzel Reitbrook
Totals
V02 V02 V02 V01 V01 V02 V02 V02 V03 V02 V04 V01 V01 V02 V01 V01 V02 V02 V02
1956 1956 1956 1957 1958 1958 1958 1965 1965 1928 1958 1926 1928 1933 1930 1917 1957 1953 1936
1874 1936
1954 1958 1942
Sumecani 1948
.797
.147 1.600
32.627 15.067
142.845 19.720 2.121
71.901 743.239
.171 9,323.585 3,222.739
57.410 5,390.400 1,390.221
8.963 42.781
105.922
24,339.171
.149
.019
2.203 .322
6.206 1.134 .206
3.356 3.691
168.527 80.929
2.179 140.096 26.202
.798
.570
.615
2.980 .380
44.060 6.440
124.120 22.680 4.120
67.120 73.820
3,370.540 1,618.580
43.580 2,801.920
524.040 16.000 11.400 12.300
525.64410,512.920
West Germany
17.879
14.378 1.712
.801
.050 16.000
.171
.066
.044
Shut in
.004 3.423 1.321 .883
56.000
50.400
15.0 12.0 13.4 10.3 19.5 11.0 20.0 20.5 20.0 19.5 17.5 16.0 13.3 18.5 15.7 17.2 13.9 17.0 19.2
17.5 17.4 18.2 20.7 20.7 14.4 12.9 20.7
Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal,
Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982
1981d 1981d 1981d
50.820 .281 112.031
Yugoslavia
.110 2.200 15.0
Table 16-16. Extra-heavy crude oil, by field (million barrels)
State/ Province
Deposit Name
Basin Code
Year Discovered
Original Oil In-place
Production
Cumulative Annual Reserves Density (°API) Reference
Cuba
Guanabo 1957 .080 .001 .020 9.5
Italy
Sicily Cammarata Pozzilo Gela
Totals
El Limon Ayapa Mecoacan
Totals
Dahomey embayment
1979
1956
1922 1972 1957
.749
.085 155 83.000
83.834
Mexico
1.117 4.467
35.547
41.131
Nigeria
.044
.004 3.000
3.048
.217
.278
.441
.936
.894
.082 60.000
60.976
4.340 5.560 8.820
18.720
7.0 10.0 7.3
9.0 7.2 8.6
DallaCasaetal., 1981 DallaCasaetal., 1981 DallaCasaetal., 1981
Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d
1,022.000 5.3-14.6 Adegoke& Ibe, 1982; Owokalu, 1981
Senegal
Mississippi Louisiana Texas
Flore Dome
Ovett Woodlawn, N. Cabazos Catarina, SW. Clem-Bau Dilley Fen-Mac Jaron
210 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
1950 1974 1967 1976 1976 1976 1973 1973
United States
6.772 .096
.004
.055
.188
.036
.269
.025
.007
.027
700.000
5.399 .015 .001
.517
.142
.010
.540
10
10.0 5.0 5.9 4.1 4.5 3.1 4.1 6.3
Unpublished, 1979
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Table 16-17. Bitumen deposits (million barrels)
State/ Province
Alberta
Sicily
Ondo
Original Deposit Basin Year Oil In-Name Code Discovered place
Selenizza
Athabasca/Wabasca Athabasca deep Buffalo Head Hills Peace River Cold Lake Carbonate Trend
Totals
Ragusa area
Production Cumulative Annual
Density Reserves (°API) Reference
C01 C01 C01 C01 C01 C01
Bemolanga
Dahomey embayment N01
Jibaro
Derna
P01
371
Albania
Canada
918,981 409.500 42,651
5,796 75,072
205,317 315
14,000
21,000
409.500
Italy
Madagascar
Nigeria
Peru
Romania
25
56.000 4.6-13.2 Phizackerly & Scott, 1978; Walters, 1974
59.500 32,319.000 8-10 2,133.000 8-10
290.000 10 3,754.000 8-9
10,265.000 8-13 16.000 7
Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Janisch, 1981
59.500 48,777.000
210.000
5,460.000 3.4-12.6 Andrianasolo-Ralaimiza, 1981
4,000.000 5.3-14.6 Owokalu, 1981
13.200 7.5-10.0 Pardo, 1981
3.750 Phizackerly & Scott, 1978; Walters, 1974
Trinidad/Tobago
Asphalt Lake 60 9.000 1-2 Walters, 1974
Tatar ASSR (Volga-Ural)
W. Jakutsk ASSR
W. Jakutsk ASSR
Kazakhstan
Krasnoyarsk
Irkutsk
Komi ASSR
Kuybyshev Area
Georgia
Alabama California
Kentucky
New Mexico Ohio Oklahoma Tri-State
Utah
Melekess
Siligir
Olenek
Cheildag (near Baku) N. Caspian
Tunguska
Lena-Anubarsky
Timan-Pechora
Pervomaysk
Notanebsk
Totals
North area Edna McKittrick tar sand Oxnard Vaca Oxnard lower Paris Valley Point Arena Santa Cruz Sisquoc Santa Maria (Foxen) Richfield Asphalt area
Santa Rosa Area South-Central Area
Asphalt Ridge Asphalt Ridge, NW P.R. Spring Hill Creek
R02
R10
R08
R15
R06
R06
R19
200 740 745 755 755 740 725 735 750 750 760 300
435 300 350 335,355,365
575 575 575 575
127,000
13,000
600,000
24 280,000
17,500
70,000
45,500
1,153,024
4,300 175
9 400 165 100
1 10
106 2,000
40 2,000
91 1
800 287
873 100
3,700 830
U.S.S.R.
13.6
13.6
United States
18,450.000
1,950.000
30,000.000
3.600 42,000.000
2,625.000
10,500.000
6,825.000
12.502
3.066
112,369.168
200.000 26.000
1.000 60.000 25.000 15.000
0 2.000
16.000 300.000
6.000 200.000
9.000 .075
40.000 43.100
87.000 15.000
370.000 83.000
5-8
4-8 9-14 12
10.4 14 9.5 9.1
Dvorets, Sorokin, & Surguchev, 1982;Janisch, 1981;Demaison, 1977 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981;Janisch, 1981 Auldridge, 1977
Walters, 1974 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981
Congressional, 1974 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Walters, 1974; Congressional, 1974; Lewin, 1982 Budding, 1979 Congressional, 1974 Harrison et al., 1981 Wells, 1977; Ebanks & James, 1974; Harrison, et al., 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981
Table 16-17. (continued)
State/ Province
Texas
Wyoming
Deposit Name
Sunnyside Tar Sand Triangle Circle Cliffs Uvalde area
Area
Totals
Guanoco Pitch Lake
Eschershausen
Basin Code
575 585 585 400
530
Year Discovered
1843
Original Oil In-place
2,000 6,100 1,137 3,000
1,000
29,225
12
Production Cumulative
Venezuela
West Germany
4.200
Zaire
Annual Reserves
200.000 610.000 114.000 150.000
150.000
2,722.175
2.000
Density (°API)
8.6 4.3
-3 - 2
Reference
Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981a; Lewin, 1982 Lewin, 1982
Abraham, 1960
Ruhl, 1982
Zaire-Cabinda border area 1,500 21.000 YIMBU, 1981; Rushoboza, 1982
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-18. World cumulative production of natural asphalts, tonnes)
Country Production
Albania Austria Austria-Hungary Barbados Canada Cuba Czechoslovakia France Germany Greece Iraq Italy Japan
Source: Abraham, I960
11 3
81 1 6
115 4
2,127 1,834
20 29
3,973 47
Italy to be about 350 million tons (2.45 billion barrels) or about 600 million barrels at 25 percent recovery. This compares with about 350 million barrels by our estimate of reserves plus cumulative production. They also projected a possible 1,200 million tons (8.4 billion barrels) of oil in-place in fields already discovered but not developed. They made no estimate of potential reserves; Ruhl (1982) considered a 10 percent recovery to be likely in these fields.
With respect to the bitumen deposits ofltaly.it appears that earlier reports (Meyer & Dietzman, 1981) have been unduly optimistic and the apparent errors in estimation have been duly reported (Dalla Casa et al., 1981). However, the natural asphalt in the Ragusa area in Sicily appears to contain more than 1 billion barrels of oil in-place,some of which has been mined for road asphalt but most of which is deemed uneconomic for exploitation for oil in the foreseeable future.
Middle East Nehring (1981) made the point that the known heavy-
oil reservoirs of the Middle East contain 50-90 billion barrels of oil in-place, whereas total oil in-place for the area is about 1.5 trillion barrels. The heavy oil resource, therefore, is of minor immediate consequence. Although this may be an accurate statement,it is presumably conservative, for there has been little incentive to date to test, much less report, accumulations of heavy oil. Kharusi (1982) estimated that Oman fields include 5.8 billion barrels of oil in-place that is heavier than 25° gravity API. Most of the oil in north and central Oman is light, except in Qarn Alam field. In the south, there are heavy-oil accumulations, such as that in the large Marmul field.
Nigeria and Adjoining Countries The estimated resources of Nigeria are very large. At the
UNITAR Conference in Caracas it was suggested that the bitumen of the Dahomey embayment might extend westward into Benin and Togo. On the basis of the stratigraphic work performed in Nigeria, this does not appear to be
asphaltites, and asphaltic pyrobitumins, 1906-1931 (1,000
Country Production
Netherlands East Indies Peru Poland Romania Spain Switzerland Trinidad U.S.S.R. U.S.A. Venezuela Yugoslavia
Total
30 95
8 154 156 429
4,171 217
30,387 1,086
1
44,985
correct, the bitumen-bearing sandstones pinching out in western Nigeria.
North Sea Published evaluations as well as conference discussions
indicate that the heavy oil resources of the North Sea may amount to several billions of barrels. It likely will be at least a decade before better estimates are forthcoming.
Peru Pardo (1981) attributed a total of in-place heavy-oil
reserves for the Maranon basin of 1.5 billion barrels. Consequently, the basin is an attractive area for exploration. Indeed, northwestern South America, including Ecuador and Colombia, in addition to Peru, is one of the prime world heavy-oil targets.
Senegal The Flore Dome, containing an estimated 100 million
tons (700 million barrels) of oil of 10° gravity API is located 60 km offshore at a water depth of 60 m in the 1 Casamance region (Unpublished report, 1979). The field is yet to be exploited.
U.S.S.R. Information on the producing reservoirs of the Soviet
Union is deficient. With respect to bitumen deposits, however, a great deal is known. We do not believe that any of the listed deposits are duplicates; regardless, the apparent amount of contained bitumen and its distribution across that vast nation makes the Russian deposits notable. With eventual decline in medium and light crude oil reserves, and progress in extraction technology in frigid climates, these deposits will certainly be exploited. It has been suggested (Walters, 1974) that the Olenek deposit perhaps may be of the same order of magnitude as the Athabasca deposit. Beskrovnyy, Krymov, and Tolkachev (1981) indicated that reserves of bituminous rocks in the U.S.S.R. are still poorly known. Only the reserves at Pervomaysk and Notanebsk are
151
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
defined, as well as the Sadinsk asphaltite deposit of 194,000 tons. Furthermore, it may some day be possible to extract synthetic fuels from the Devonian and Carboniferous shales of the Volga-Urals region, estimated to represent perhaps the equivalent of 2.1 trillion (1012) barrels of bitumen (Dvorets, Sorokin, and Surguchev, 1982). Although not including resource estimates, the review of Soviet bitumen deposits and their reservoir characteristics by Khalimov et al. (1981) is very complete and serves to direct attention to the breadth of their occurrence. It defines the petroleum provinces of the U.S.S.R. and highlights the significant areas of bitumen deposits. More than 200 heavy-oil and bitumen deposits have been described in the Tatar-Melekess area, totaling 127 billion barrels, and more than 50 deposits are reported in the south Emba area, mostly associated with salt domes. In support of the estimate of the Olenek deposit given above, Khalimov et al. (1981) indicated that it is indeed of major importance, having sandstones 5-50 m thick, porosities of 20 percent or more, permeabilities of 100 md, and a length of 50-60 km. Also described is the Siligir-Markhinsk deposit in a belt of carbonate rocks covering 6,000 km2. Gross thickness of the bitumen-impregnated rocks is 500 m, with individual beds as much as 15 m thick. The authors stated that at the present time the deposit at Yarega is the only one being commercially mined, but mining was attempted in the past in Daghestan ASSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Groznyy, and the Ukraine.
Soviet interest in enhanced oil recovery and heavy oil is clear from the report of Baibakov and Garushev (1977). They described operations in several areas. On Sakhalin the main heavy-oil reserves (17°-22° API) are found in the Okha, Katangli, Uyglekuoty, East Ekhabi, and West Sabo fields. The introduction of steam heat in these fields not only stabilized production but led to an increase of 25 percent over the 1975 level. The tunnel method is used to exploit the 15.9° API heavy crude in the Yarega field. In the most recent production technique, steam and water are injected from tunnels into the reservoir, with oil drainage through a ramp to the lower horizon. Ultimate oil recovery is expected to exceed 50 percent and may be as great as 90 percent, with annual production to increase from 0.25 thousand tons (1,800 barrels) in 1976 to a peak of 1 million tons (73 million barrels).
U.S.A. Although the United States appears to rank only sixth
among nations in heavy-oil and bitumen resources, it has been the scene of intense research in heavy-oil extraction methods. The heavy oil is concentrated in California, the state that also appears to include the bulk of the undiscovered and poorly known resources.
Recently, heavy oil in-place totalling as much as 40 billion barrels has been identified at the Kuparuk field on Alaska's North Slope (table 16-15). Additional heavy oil occurs in the Santa Barbara channel offshore (table 16-10), and onshore exploration is being conducted in the area of the San Ardo field.
Venezuela There is little question that the Orinoco heavy oil belt
in the eastern Venezuela basin is one of the world's great reserves of crude oil. The belt presently is the subject of intense investigation by the various Venezuelan national oil companies (Zamora & Gambrano, 1982; Vasquez & Pach-eco, 1982; Fiorillo, 1982; Borregales, 1982; Diaz, 1981). In addition, large amounts of heavy crude oil are found elsewhere in Venezuela both in known fields and fields expected to be discovered in the future.
It is still too early to define the exact size of the Orinoco heavy oil belt, but present indications are that its oil in-place is in the range of 700-1,000 billion barrels. Already 3.1 billion barrels from the heavy oil area are included in Venezuela's official proved reserves. Table 16-19 summarizes Venezuela's official production and reserves data (Omana, 1982). The data compiled by field in the tables in this report obviously do not match the official data. In time it should be possible to correct these deficiencies in our data base, but for present purposes, to compare heavy-oil and bitumen resources throughout the world, the data as given in our tables are adequate.
WORLD SUMMARY Tables 16-20, 16-21, and 16-22 summarize for each
country heavy and extra-heavy crude oil, and bitumen, respectively, with respect to production, reserves, and ultimate recovery. Table 16-23 then summarizes, by country,
Table 16-19. Official production and reserves data for Venezuela
1980 1981
Estimated
Production: (million barrels)
Reserves: (million barrels)
Total
Light/medium Heavy/extra heavy
Total
Light/medium Heavy/extra heavy
793.1
445.9 347.2
19,665
8,360 11,305
791.3
444.9 346.4
23,000
8,900 14,100
1 5 2
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-20. Summary of heavy crude oil production, reserves, and ultimate recovery, by country (million barrels)
Country
Production
Cumulative
32.0 48.5 Nil
.3 888.8
12.2 3.3
253.5
689.9 1.3 1.2
330.7 29.9 45.7
3.4 928.9 173.8 760.1 144.2 45.4
313.0
80.0 1,717.9
118.9 1,026.0
148.3 16.8 4.6
26.9 Nil
404.8 80.0 79.5
Nil .2
1,042.6 81.6
5,250.6
10,092.6 24,339.2
50.8
Annual
5.2 1.0 1.8
Nil 13.5
.3
19.8 108.8
18.1 .1
1.0 16.4 1.0 7.4 1.3 .5
18.6 13.5 48.4
2.3 .3
7.6
26.2 3.6
38.5 92.3
2.0 .1
11.6
17.5 49.8
1.8 16.2
Nil 26.3
5.3 42.9
232.9 525.6
.3
.1
Reserves Ultimate Recovery
Albania Angola Argentina Australia Austria Brunei Bulgaria Burma Canada China Colombia Cuba Ecuador Egypt France Gabon Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Japan Kuwait Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Neutral Zone Nigeria Oman Pakistan Peru Philippines Romania Saudi Arabia Spain Syria Taiwan Thailand Trinidad Turkey U.S.S.R. United Kingdom U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany Yugoslavia
Totals
104.0 20.5
343.9
4.0 1,800.0
6.0
240.2 442.0 361.5
1.7 1,532.9
328.0 19.4
157.6 189.0 500.0 370.7
5,380.2 1,768.9
934.9 6.2
152.0 600.0
524.6 72.8
770.4 985.2 490.9
2.7 330.9
349.0 996.8
41.2 1,324.8
1.5 564.7 116.7
1,858.2 82.0
7,926.6 10,512.9
112.0 2.2
49,269.4 1,379.7 42,329.7
104.0 52.5
392.4
4.3 2,688.8
18.2 3.3
493.7 442.0
1,051.4 3.0
1,534.1 658.1 49.3
203.3 189.0 503.4
1,299.6 5,554.0 2,529.0 1,079.1
51.6 465.0 600.0
80.0 2,242.5
191.7 1,796.4 1,133.5
507.7 7.3
357.8
349.0 1,401.6
121.2 1,404.3
1.7 1,611.3
198.3 7,108.8
82.0 18,019.2 34,852.1
162.8 2.2
91,600.5
153
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Table 16-21. Summary of extra-heavy crude oil, by country (million barrels)
Production Country Cumulative Annual Reserves
Ultimate Recovery
Cuba Italy Mexico Nigeria Senegal U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany
Totals
0.1 83.8 41.1
0 0
26.2 75.4
.5_ 227.1
3.0 .9 0 0 .6
3.4 0
0 61.0 18.7
1,022.0 700.0
14.9 57,067.7
0
0.1 144.8 59.8
1,022.0 700.0 41.1
57,143.1 .5
7.9 58,884.3 59,111.4
Table 16-22. Summary of bitumen, by country (million barrels)
Production Country Cumulative Annual Reserves
Ultimate Recovery
Albania Canada Italy Madagascar Nigeria Peru Romania Trinidad U.S.S.R. U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany Zaire
Totals
409.5
13.6
4.2
427.3
59.5
59.5
56.0 48,777.0
210.0 5,460.0 4,000.0
13.2 3.8 9.0
112,369.2 2,722.2
2.0
21.0
173,643.4
56.0 49,186.5
210.0 5,460.0 4,000.0
13.2 3.8 9.0
112,382.8 2,722.2
2.0 4.2
21.0
174,070.7
the total estimated remaining recoverable reserves of each commodity, including that which is undiscovered or poorly known. Original oil and bitumen in-place have not been summed, although they total more than 5 trillion barrels.
We estimate recoverable reserves to be 609.6 billion barrels or some 10 percent of in-place reserves, of which 334.8 billion barrels or 55 percent is either undiscovered or, more commonly, simply poorly known. Of the country totals, Venezuela possesses 45 percent; the U.S.S.R., 26 percent; Canada, 10 percent; Nigeria, Mexico, and the U.S.A., 12 percent; and all the rest, 7 percent.
A recent estimate places ultimate total recoverable world crude oil reserves at nearly 1,800 billion barrels (Halbouty & Moody, 1979), a figure that no doubt includes some of the oil estimated by us but probably rather little of it. This estimate of 1,800 billion barrels is about 3.4 times as large as the comparable figure for heavy oil and bitumen. However, if the 1,800 billion barrels is roughly one-third the original conventional oil in-place, then the two resources-
conventional and heavy plus bitumen—are volumetrically comparable. That is, each approximates 5,000 billion barrels in-place. There is, of course, much more room for incremental recovery above the postulated reserve level for the heavy crude oil and bitumen. Of far greater significance is the apparent very large size of the total hydrocarbon resource potential, including conventional oil and gas, heavy and extra-heavy oil, and bitumen; this, of course, does not include natural gas and associated gas liquids.
The remaining recoverable heavy oil and bitumen resource indeed is large. It is sobering to consider, however, that this roughly 600 billion barrels represents but 12 years supply of world primary energy consumption on an oil-equivalent basis, based on the 1981 level of 50 bfllion barrels (British Petroleum Company, 1982). No single energy source can fill all needs, but such a perspective clearly illustrates the limitations of nonrenewable resources. It is imperative that the necessary incentive for exploration and production of the petroleum resource base be provided.
154
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES
Table 16-23. Estimated remaining total reserves of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and bitumen, by country (million barrels)
Country
Heavy
Reserves (table 16-20)
Undiscovered (tables 16-10,16-11)
Extra-heavy
Reserves (table 16-21)
Bitumen
Reserves Undiscovered (table 16-22) (table 16-12) Total
Albania 104.0 Angola 20.5 Argentina 343.9 Australia Austria 4.0 Brunei 1,800.0 Bulgaria 6.0 Burma Canada 240.2 China 442.0 Colombia 361.5 Cuba 1.7 Ecuador 1,532.9 Egypt 328.0 France 19.4 Gabon 157.6 Hungary 189.0 India 500.0 Indonesia 370.7 Iran 5,380.2 Iraq 1,768.9 Italy 934.9 Japan 6.2 Kuwait 152.0 Madagascar 600.0 Malaysia Mexico 524.6 Netherlands 72.8 Neutral Zone 770.4 Nigeria 985.2 Norway Oman 490.9 Pakistan 2.7 Peru 330.9 Philippines • Romania 349.0 Saudi Arabia 996.8 Senegal Spain 41.2 Syria 1,324.8 Taiwan Thailand 1.5 Trinidad 564.7 Turkey 116.7 U.S.S.R. 1,858.2 United Arab Emirates United Kingdom 82.0 U.S.A. 7,926.6 Venezuela 10,512.9 West Germany 112.0 Yugoslavia 2.2 Zaire
Totals 42,329.7
56.0
3,679.0
39.0
800.0 1,300.0 3,900.0
200.0
16,000.0
31,000.0 200.0 100.0
150.0
2,900.0
20,510.0 400.0
2,214.0 165,500.0
248,892.0
48,777.0 85,000
61.0
18.7
1,022.0
210.0
5,460.0
4,000.0
13.2
3.8
700.0
14.9 57,067.7
58,884.3
9.0
112,369.2
2,722.2 2.0
880.0
21.0
173,643.4 85,880.0
160.0 20.5
343.9
4.0 1,800.0
6.0
137,696.2 442.0 400.5
1.7 1,532.9
328.0 19.4
157.6 189.0 500.0
1,170.7 6,680.2 5,668.9 1,205.9
6.2 352.0
6,060.0
16,543.3 72.8
770.4 37,007.2
200.0 590.9
2.7 494.1
352.8 3,896.8
700.0 41.2
1,324.8
1.5 573.7 116.7
134,737.4 400.0
82.0 13,757.7
233,082.6 112.0
2.2 21.0
609,629.4
155
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
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158
r
THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE
AND TAR SANDS
Second International Conference
Sponsored by
THE UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH
and
PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA S.A.
in cooperation with
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
and
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY
7-17 February 1982 Caracas, Venezuela
Joseph Barnea Scientific Secretary
R.F. MEYER, J.C. WYNN, and J.C. OLSON Editors
THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE A N D TAR S A N D S
THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Copyright © 1984 by U nitar. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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