Chapter 15Chapter 15

The Road to Civil WarThe Road to Civil War

DISPUTES OVER NEW LANDSDISPUTES OVER NEW LANDSThe Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise

In 1818, there were 11 free and 11 slave In 1818, there were 11 free and 11 slave states. states.

Missouri wanted to join the Union as a Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state. This would upset the balance slave state. This would upset the balance between slave and free statesbetween slave and free states

Henry Clay suggested a plan called the Henry Clay suggested a plan called the Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri would enter as a slave stateMissouri would enter as a slave state Maine would enter as a free state (keeping the Maine would enter as a free state (keeping the

balance)balance) Slavery would not be permitted in areas north Slavery would not be permitted in areas north

of 36 30’of 36 30’

DISPUTES OVER NEW LANDSDISPUTES OVER NEW LANDS

TEXAS (annexation of Texas was the TEXAS (annexation of Texas was the main issue in the 1844 election)main issue in the 1844 election)

Lands from the War with MexicoLands from the War with Mexico Wilmot Proviso and Calhoun’s Wilmot Proviso and Calhoun’s

proposalproposal California, New Mexico and Utah California, New Mexico and Utah

Territories ????Territories ????

The Election of 1848The Election of 1848

The Whig party chose “Old Rough The Whig party chose “Old Rough and Ready” Zachary Taylor as the and Ready” Zachary Taylor as the candidate (southerner and hero of candidate (southerner and hero of the Mexican War)the Mexican War)

The Democrats chose Senator Lewis The Democrats chose Senator Lewis Cass from MichiganCass from Michigan

Neither candidate took a stand Neither candidate took a stand regarding slavery in the new regarding slavery in the new territories.territories.

A New Political PartyA New Political Party The two main parties failure to take a The two main parties failure to take a

stand on slavery angered many voters.stand on slavery angered many voters. Many anti-slavery democrats and whigs Many anti-slavery democrats and whigs

left their parties and joined forces with left their parties and joined forces with the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil Party.Party.

““Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men”Free Men”

Endorsed the Wilmot ProvisoEndorsed the Wilmot Proviso Nominated former president Martin Van Nominated former president Martin Van

Buren as their candidateBuren as their candidate

1848 Election results1848 Election results

Zachary Taylor defeated Cass 163 to Zachary Taylor defeated Cass 163 to 127127

MVB only received 14% of the vote in MVB only received 14% of the vote in the Norththe North

Many Free-Soilers won seats in Many Free-Soilers won seats in CongressCongress

President TaylorPresident Taylor

Once in office, ZT urged the two Once in office, ZT urged the two territories of CA and NM to apply for territories of CA and NM to apply for statehood immediately.statehood immediately.

Decide on slavery for themselves.Decide on slavery for themselves. CA applied, NM did notCA applied, NM did not Taylor’s plan runs into troubleTaylor’s plan runs into trouble Upset the balance of power (15-15)Upset the balance of power (15-15) What about the future (OR, UT, NM)What about the future (OR, UT, NM)

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 5 part plan initiated by Henry Clay to 5 part plan initiated by Henry Clay to

settle the differences between North and settle the differences between North and South over California’s statehood.South over California’s statehood.

1.1. California enters as a “free state”California enters as a “free state”

2.2. New Mexico and Utah decide slavery for New Mexico and Utah decide slavery for themselvesthemselves

3.3. Slave trading in DC must stop…slavery okSlave trading in DC must stop…slavery ok

4.4. Tougher fugitive slave lawTougher fugitive slave law

5.5. settled a border dispute with Texassettled a border dispute with Texas

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 Clay’s proposals sparked bitter debate in Clay’s proposals sparked bitter debate in

CongressCongress Southern states threaten to secedeSouthern states threaten to secede President Taylor (Whig, elected in 1848 President Taylor (Whig, elected in 1848

#12) would use force if the Southern #12) would use force if the Southern states leftstates left

Taylor dies (Washington Monument Taylor dies (Washington Monument 7/4/1850..iced milk and cold cherries)7/4/1850..iced milk and cold cherries)

New Prez. Millard Fillmore (#13) supported New Prez. Millard Fillmore (#13) supported some form of compromisesome form of compromise

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Stephen Douglass, a young Senator Stephen Douglass, a young Senator from IL, took charge by dividing from IL, took charge by dividing Clay’s plan into 5 separate Clay’s plan into 5 separate measures.measures.

Pres. Fillmore persuaded several Pres. Fillmore persuaded several Whigs to abstain from measures they Whigs to abstain from measures they opposed and they all passed.opposed and they all passed.

Fillmore would call this the “final Fillmore would call this the “final settlement” of the conflict between settlement” of the conflict between North and SouthNorth and South

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Required ALL citizens to help catch Required ALL citizens to help catch runaway slaves.runaway slaves.

Anyone who Anyone who aided a runaway slave aided a runaway slave could be fined or imprisoned.could be fined or imprisoned.

South believed that this law would South believed that this law would force Northerners to recognize their force Northerners to recognize their rightsrights

Led to anger in the North…Led to anger in the North…Northerners refused to cooperateNortherners refused to cooperate

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act 1852- Franklin Pierce (Dem- NH. ..#14) 1852- Franklin Pierce (Dem- NH. ..#14)

elected prez (vs. Whig candidate Gen. elected prez (vs. Whig candidate Gen. Winfield Scott)Winfield Scott)

FP intended to enforce the FSAFP intended to enforce the FSA Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed by Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed by

Steven DouglasSteven Douglas Created the Kansas and Nebraska Created the Kansas and Nebraska

TerritoriesTerritories Encourage settlement, TC RailroadEncourage settlement, TC Railroad invalidated the MC lineinvalidated the MC line ““popular sovereignty”popular sovereignty”

Are You Kidding Me???Are You Kidding Me??? Many northerners protested the K-N A Many northerners protested the K-N A

stronglystrongly Invalidating the MC line would open Invalidating the MC line would open

up slavery to lands that had been free up slavery to lands that had been free for more than 30 yearsfor more than 30 years

Southerners supported the bill. They Southerners supported the bill. They hoped that Kansas would be settled in hoped that Kansas would be settled in large part by slave-holders from large part by slave-holders from MissouriMissouri

Passed (support by some Northern Passed (support by some Northern Democrats and President Pierce_Democrats and President Pierce_

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces

swept into Kansasswept into Kansas border ruffiansborder ruffians violence eruptsviolence erupts two governments, two capitalstwo governments, two capitals Pro-slavery (supported by Pres. Pro-slavery (supported by Pres.

Pierce and the Senate)Pierce and the Senate) Anti-slavery (supported by the House Anti-slavery (supported by the House

of Reps.)of Reps.)

Violence in CongressViolence in Congress

A NEW POLITICAL PARTYA NEW POLITICAL PARTYThe RepublicansThe Republicans

anti-slavery Whigs, anti-slavery anti-slavery Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats and former Free Soilers Democrats and former Free Soilers combined to form the Republican Partycombined to form the Republican Party

““the establishment of liberty and the the establishment of liberty and the overthrow of slave power”overthrow of slave power”

main message was to ban slavery in the main message was to ban slavery in the new territoriesnew territories

support in the North…gained control of support in the North…gained control of the House of Representatives (1854)the House of Representatives (1854)

15-3

Election of 1856Election of 1856

Republicans chose John C. Fremont Republicans chose John C. Fremont (Western explorer)(Western explorer)

““Free Soil, Free Speech and Fremont”Free Soil, Free Speech and Fremont” Democrats chose James Buchanan. Democrats chose James Buchanan.

They endorsed the idea of popular They endorsed the idea of popular sovereigntysovereignty

American Party (Know Nothings—anti-American Party (Know Nothings—anti-immigrant) ran former president immigrant) ran former president Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore

Election of 1856 resultsElection of 1856 results

votes were along sectional linesvotes were along sectional lines Buchanan won all the Southern Buchanan won all the Southern

states except MDstates except MD Fremont carried 11 of the 16 free Fremont carried 11 of the 16 free

states no EC votes in the Southstates no EC votes in the South Electoral CollegeElectoral College

Fillmore 8Fillmore 8 Fremont 114Fremont 114 Buchanan 174 (#15)Buchanan 174 (#15)

The Dred Scott DecisionThe Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision (1857—2 Supreme Court decision (1857—2 days after Buchanan’s inauguration.days after Buchanan’s inauguration.

The Case of Dred ScottThe Case of Dred Scott SC ruled against ScottSC ruled against Scott

* not a citizen* not a citizen

* slaves are property* slaves are property

* attempts to limit slavery are * attempts to limit slavery are unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Reactions to Dred ScottReactions to Dred Scott

South…”I told you so!”South…”I told you so!” North… outrage “a wicked and false North… outrage “a wicked and false

judgment”…”the greatest crime” judgment”…”the greatest crime” ever committed in the nation’s courtsever committed in the nation’s courts

The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesThe Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln and Douglas (incumbent) were Lincoln and Douglas (incumbent) were

running for the US Senate seat from Illinoisrunning for the US Senate seat from Illinois The main topic of their debates was slaveryThe main topic of their debates was slavery Douglas was for “popular sovereignty”, Douglas was for “popular sovereignty”,

Lincoln was opposed to slaveryLincoln was opposed to slavery FREEPORT DOCTRINE of Douglas said that FREEPORT DOCTRINE of Douglas said that

people could exclude slavery from an area people could exclude slavery from an area by refusing to pass laws protecting by refusing to pass laws protecting slaveholder’s rightsslaveholder’s rights

Douglas won the election.Douglas won the election.

The Raid at Harper’s FerryThe Raid at Harper’s Ferry

click picture to play video

The Election of 1860The Election of 1860 The Democratic party split into Northern and The Democratic party split into Northern and

Southern factions. Southern factions. The Northern democrats selected Stephen The Northern democrats selected Stephen

Douglas as their candidateDouglas as their candidate The Southern democrats chose John The Southern democrats chose John

Breckenridge from Kentucky as their Breckenridge from Kentucky as their candidate.candidate.

The newly formed Republican party chose The newly formed Republican party chose Abe LincolnAbe Lincoln

A fourth candidate, John Bell from Tennessee, A fourth candidate, John Bell from Tennessee, entered the race and was chosen by entered the race and was chosen by moderates from the North and South. He took moderates from the North and South. He took no position on the issue of slavery.no position on the issue of slavery.

15-4

1860 ELECTION RESULTS1860 ELECTION RESULTS

Although Lincoln’s name did not even Although Lincoln’s name did not even appear on the ballot of many Southern appear on the ballot of many Southern states he captured 40% of the popular vote.states he captured 40% of the popular vote.

The voting was purely on sectional lines The voting was purely on sectional lines with Lincoln taking most of the Northern with Lincoln taking most of the Northern states, Breckenridge carried the Southern states, Breckenridge carried the Southern states, Bell carried the border states and states, Bell carried the border states and Douglas the state of Mississippi and 3 of Douglas the state of Mississippi and 3 of New Jersey’s seven electoral college votes.New Jersey’s seven electoral college votes.

Lincoln (180), Breckenridge (72) , Bell (39), Lincoln (180), Breckenridge (72) , Bell (39), Douglas (1)Douglas (1)

Secession of Southern StatesSecession of Southern States After Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election, After Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election,

many Southern states saw no other choice bit to many Southern states saw no other choice bit to secede from (or leave) the United States. They secede from (or leave) the United States. They viewed Lincoln as a devout abolitionist and a viewed Lincoln as a devout abolitionist and a threat to their way of life.threat to their way of life.

South Carolina was the first to leave on South Carolina was the first to leave on December 20, 1860December 20, 1860

By the first of February 1861, Texas, Louisiana, By the first of February 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Georgia had all Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Georgia had all seceded from the Union.seceded from the Union.

The Southern States justified their leaving the The Southern States justified their leaving the Union under the theory of STATES RIGHTS. This Union under the theory of STATES RIGHTS. This theory held that since states joined the Union theory held that since states joined the Union voluntarily than they should also be allowed to voluntarily than they should also be allowed to leave the Union if they desired,.leave the Union if they desired,.

A New CountryA New Country

Reaction over secession of the Reaction over secession of the Southern states was divided in the Southern states was divided in the North and the South.North and the South.

The seceding Southern states The seceding Southern states became their own country calling became their own country calling themselves the CONFEDERATE themselves the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. They chose STATES OF AMERICA. They chose Jefferson Davis from Mississippi as Jefferson Davis from Mississippi as the president.the president.

Presidential ResponsePresidential Response Although Lincoln had won the election he Although Lincoln had won the election he

had not been sworn in. James Buchanan had not been sworn in. James Buchanan was still president.was still president.

On December 1860, Buchanan sent a On December 1860, Buchanan sent a message to Congress. He said that the message to Congress. He said that the South had no right to leave but the Union South had no right to leave but the Union was powerless to stop them.was powerless to stop them.

Lincoln disagreed and in his inaugural Lincoln disagreed and in his inaugural address he mixed toughness with peace address he mixed toughness with peace and pleaded with the South for and pleaded with the South for reconciliation at the same time vowing to reconciliation at the same time vowing to enforce the laws on the US and to hold on enforce the laws on the US and to hold on to federal property in the South. to federal property in the South.

Fort SumterFort Sumter

The South soon tested Lincoln’s The South soon tested Lincoln’s resolve on holding federal property in resolve on holding federal property in the South.the South.

On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces attacked a Union held fort located in attacked a Union held fort located in the Charleston, SC harbor.the Charleston, SC harbor.

The first shots of the Civil War had The first shots of the Civil War had been firedbeen fired