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Transcript of Chapter 15 Section 1 - Mt Carmel Area School Districthome.mca.k12.pa.us/~harnerl/chapter 15 section...
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Chapter 15 Sec-on 1
Poli-cs in the Gilded Age
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The Gilded Age
• Gilded means covered with a thin layer of gold.
• The Gilded Age suggests that a thin but gliAering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corrup-on of much of society
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Laissez‐Faire Poli4cs
• In the late 1800’s, businesses operated largely without government regula-on
• Laissez‐faire – government should play a very limited role in business, leaving the strongest businesses to succeed and bring wealth to the na-on as a whole
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• Developed by Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Na,ons
• Smith argued that government should promote free trade and allow a free market place for labor and goods
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• Most Americans favored laissez‐faire, but supported government involvement when it benefited them
• Businesses favored high tariffs and accepted government land grants and subsidies
• Business giants oSen supported friendly poli-cians with giSs of money
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Review
• What is the Gilded Age? • What is laissez‐faire capitalism?
• Who was Adam Smith?
• How did businesses feel about laissez‐faire capitalism?
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Credit Mobilier Scandal
• Credit Mobilier was hired by the Union Pacific Railroad to build railroad tracks
• They charged more than it cost to do the work • To keep the government funding the program, they gave cheap shares of stock to congressman who supported it
• The company was not inves-gated un-l 3 years aSer the transcon-nental railroad was completed
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The Spoils System
• Elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs, regardless of their qualifica-ons
• It appealed to many poli-cians because it ensured them a loyal group of supporters in future elec-ons
• Both Democrats and Republicans handed out jobs to pay off the people who had helped them get elected
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Opposing Poli4cal Par4es
• Republicans appealed to industrialists, bankers, and eastern farmers and were strongest in the North and upper Midwest
• Republicans favored a -ght money supply backed by gold, high tariffs, generous pensions for Union soldiers, government aid to railroads, strict limits on immigra-on, and enforcement of blue laws
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• The Democra-c Party appealed to the less privileged, such as urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, and western farmers
• Democrats favored an increased money supply backed by silver, lower tariffs, higher farm prices, less government aid to big businesses, and fewer blue laws
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Hayes Fights the Spoils System
• Hayes refused to use the patronage system and instead appointed qualified independents to cabinet posts
• On July 11, 1878, he removed Chester A. Arthur from a patronage posi-on in New York
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Garfield’s Term Cut Short
• Republicans were split in 3 for the 1880 Presiden-al elec-on
• Stalwarts – defended the spoils system; followed Senator Roscoe Conkling
• Half‐breeds‐ wanted to reform the spoils system while being loyal to the party;
followed James G. Blaine
• Independents – opposed the spoils system
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• James A. Garfield, a half‐breed, won the nomina-on
• Chester A. Arthur, a stalwart, was the vice presiden-al candidate
• Garfield narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield S. Hancock
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• On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau as he walked through a railroad sta-on
• Guiteau wanted a job from Garfield, but was passed over
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Arthur Reforms the Civil Service
• Arthur replaced Garfield as President • He urged Congress to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act
• It created a Civil Service Commission, which classified government jobs and tested applicants’ fitness for them and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaigns or be fired for poli-cal reasons
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Review
• What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal? • What was the spoils system?
• What was the difference between a Republican and a Democrat in the late 1800’s?
• What happened to James A. Garfield?
• What is the Civil Service Commisssion?
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Democrats Take Power
• In 1884, Republicans nominated. Blaine; Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland
• Cleveland became the first Democra-c President since 1856
• He won the votes of independents, or mugwumps, who thought Blaine was too corrupt
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• He favored -ght money policies, opposed high tariffs, and took back some 80 million acres of federal land from railroad companies
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Regula4ng Railroads
• By 1880, 14 states had commissions to look into railroad complaints
• Complaints included charging more for a short haul than a long haul, rebates, keeping rates secret, and charging different prices to different people
• In 1877, the Supreme Court, in Munn v. Illinois, allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads
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• In 1806, the Supreme Court ruled in the Wabash case that only the federal government could regulate interstate trade
• Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, requiring that rates be set in propor-on to the distance travelled and made public. It also outlawed the prac-ce of special rebates to powerful customers and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission.
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Focus on Tariffs
• Cleveland lost the 1888 presiden-al elec-on to Benjamin Harrison
• Cleveland wanted a minor reduc-on in tariffs; Harrison wanted an increase
• Harrison signed the Sherman An-trust Act
• He approved a huge tariff increase in 1890 • He lost the Elec-on of 1892 to Grover Cleveland
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Cleveland’s Second Term
• A panic hit in 1893, leading to a long depression
• In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed
• He called on the unemployed to march on Washington, D.C.
• Many “armies” formed, but only Coxey’s Army made it to Washington
• They were arrested
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• Cleveland upset farmers by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
• He upset unions when he sent troops to end the Pullman Strike
• In 1896, he failed to win his party’s nomina-on
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Review
• What was a mugwump? • What complaints did people have about railroads in the late 1800’s?
• What was the Interstate Commerce Act?
• Who was Benjamin Harrison?
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McKinley Wins in 1896
• In 1896, McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan for the Presidency
• He increased tariffs and put the country on a gold standard
• He again defeated William Jennings Bryan in 1900
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• On Sept. 4, 1901, McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan‐American Exposi-on in Buffalo, New York
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Review
• Who was Jacob S. Coxey? • What happened in the Elec-on of 1896?
• What happened to President William McKinley?