Comparative Anatomy Nervous System Kardong Chapter 16 Part 15.
Chapter 15 Part 1
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Transcript of Chapter 15 Part 1
Chapter 15Part 1
Wars of Religion1559-1648
Wars of Religion1559-1648
Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559) The last of the purely dynastic wars
of the 16th Century Considered political rather than
religious since both the French and Hapsburgs were Catholic
France believed that a divided German State on its eastern border was more important than Western European religious hegemony
1560-1648 Wars will be fought over religious issues Spain will try to end Protestantism
in Western Europe and the spread of Islam in the Mediterranean
French Catholics will try to squash the Huguenots
The HRE will try to re-impose Catholicism in Germany
A Civil War in England between Puritans and Anglicans
Spain Under Philip II Spain will enjoy its
Golden Age
Philip will try to re-impose Catholicism in Western Europe
Built the Escorial: A palace, monastery and mausoleum in the Baroque style
Symbolized the power of Philip AND his commitment to Catholicism
The Escorial
Spain v the Turks Spain waged war against the Turks in
the Mediterranean to benefit the Christian merchants
The Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off of the coast of Greece
Crusade-like religious fervor
Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean
Spain and the Dutch Revolt1566-1587
The Spanish Netherlands were 17 sovereign provinces each led by a Statholder
Each were self-governing: Made own laws, collected own taxes
Were connected economically and by a common ruler (Spanish monarch) BUT no sense of Federation
The Spanish Netherlands All provinces sent representatives to the
States General BUT important decisions were made in home provinces
In the South 10 provinces spoke French and made their $ through textiles: wool and linen
In the North 7 provinces spoke Dutch and made $ through fishing, shipping and international Banking
Antwerp Was the chief European financial and
commercial center
Antwerp was at the center of many intersecting trade routes
Stuff came from all over the world Harbor could accommodate 2500 ships
at one time 5,000 merchants from all over the world
gathered daily at the Bourse (the stock exchange)
Other Dutch trading Centers
Bruges Ghent Brussels
The Netherlands and the Church
Corruption in the Church and Renaissannce ideas prompted a call for reform
1520’s and 1530’s: The Bible was translated into Dutch and the spread of Luther’s ideas
The Netherlands was urban (unlike the rest of Europe) and ideas spread rapidly
The Netherlands under Charles V
Charles was born in Ghent Was Flemish. Spoke language, knew
customs Charles V identified with the
Netherlands and they with him
When the Dutch embraced Calvinism (Dutch Reformed) Charles reacted with mild repression and condemnation…not effective
Philip II and the Netherlands
Philip was Spanish No identification with the Dutch
When young was a wild child When older pious, religious,
intolerant
Remember Lutheranism was no threat to
existing political authority
Calvinism was. They encouraged opposition to what they believed was “illegal authority”
By 1560’s most Dutch cities had strong militant minorities of Calvinists
The Dutch A big middle class population Calvinism had appeal:
Intelligent seriousness Moral gravity Emphasis on hard work
Working class in the North converted because the bosses would only hire Calvinists
Were well-organized and had financial backing
1556 Philip II appointed his ½ sister, Margaret as
Regent of the Netherlands She was supposed to impose the
Inquisition But lacked money so raised taxes Dutch resisted…pointed out that the
Dutch paid more taxes than the Spanish
She raised taxes anyway
Revolt August 1556 Grain prices went way up Hurt poorest classes the most The Dutch attacked: not people but
religious idols in churches Was incited by Calvinist preachers First target: Cathedral of Notre Dame
(Antwerp) Built 1124-1518. Was huge, beautiful
Was totally dismantled by mobs in 6 days Then 30 more churches and libraries
were burned
Philip II sent 20,000 Troops under command of the
Duke of Alva Ruthless extermination of religious
and poliltical dissidents
Now…inquisition AND tribunal Called the Council of Blood 3-3-1568: 1500 executed Margaret was revolted and resigned
Alva levied a 10% sales tax on ALL transactions
Caused widespread hardship
1568-1578 Civil War Provinces united under William the
Silent (of Orange)
Catholics v Protestants The Provinces v the Spanish
1578 Philip sent nephew, Alexander Farnese with
German mercenaries To crush revolt Farnese fought patiently…one city at
a time One city after another fell to the
Spanish
THEN at Antwerp, William the Silent opened the dikes and flooded the city
Drove the Spanish out Stalemate
The Union of Utrecht Was formed by the 7 northern
provinces 1581 Declared independence from
Spain North had many canals Was highly defensible Could break dikes and flood invaders
out
The 10 Southern Provinces
Remained under Hapsburg control Land was flat Not defensible
Power and influence : landed Nobility
In the North: commercial aristocracy
The Northern Provinces asked for English help
Chief market for English wool War in the Netherlands hurt the
English economy
Elizabeth hedged Then William the Silent killed… If the Provinces failed was England
next?
1585-1587 Elizabeth sent help
2,000 troops and 250,000 English lbs
In the meantime… Philip was getting old and was
distracted Turks again in the Mediterranean Wives # 3 and 4 died Heir died Revolt of the Moriscos in Grenada
Philip wanted to bring England back to
Catholicism Philip had earlier proposed to
Elizabeth and was rebuffed Now Philip backed a plot to
assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots
Plot was discovered Mary Queen of Scots was executed
by Elizabeth
Pope Sixtus V Outraged by death of Mary Queen of
Scots Sent Philip II one million ducats ($)
to send a fleet to England and crush Elizabeth
May 9, 1588 The War of the Spanish Armada
Spain 130 ships to the English Channel
England 150 ships: smaller but more maneuverable and more fire power
Storms and squalls in the Channel
Only 65 ships made it back to Spain
Elizabeth’s Speech
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=You+tube+video+Elizabeth+addressing+the+troops+War+of+the+Spanish+Armada&FORM=VIRE8#view=detail&mid=917B3BA1FE4BEF58D9D0917B3BA1FE4BEF58D9D0
Spain Will rebuild fleet and continue with
Golden Age
BUT 1609 truce with the Netherlands providing for independence of the Northern provinces
The independence of the United Provinces will not be formally acknowledged by other European powers until 1648
Note Johan van Oldenbarneveldt took over for
Wm the Silent HE got English help HE arranged the truce with Spain HE helped to for the Dutch East India
Co. in 1602 Purpose of the DEIC was to protect
Dutch trade in the East and to damage the Spanish at sea
The DEIC even had the authority to govern territory