Chapter 15 Organic Fuels

Chapter 15 Organic FuelsMs. MarcinoEnvironmental SciencePgs 234 - 249

The Need for ____________Many forms of _______ to meet the needs of ________ on Earth.

Energy cannot be _________ or ____________, only changed from one ______ to another.

Example:Energy from the sun converted to chemical energy stored in plants.When you eat, the stored energy is converted to heat, mechanical energy, and chemical energy used to carry out life processes.Food is a form of fuel that your body uses for energy.

_______ from ____________Called ________________.Contain ___________________________________________________________________.Hydrocarbon:

Example: Many organic fuels contain other chemicals as well (considered to be impurities in fuel).Fuel:

Fossil fuel:

Central to life in modern societies.2 main problems:1. 2. 5 main purposes of fuels:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How suitable the fuel is depends on: Electricity-Power on DemandEnergy in fuel often converted into More convenient to use than coal, etc.How is electricity generated?Electric Generator:

Do this by movingMost electric generators convert the movement of a turbine into electrical energy.Turbine:

Usually, steam turns the turbine.

Coal fired power plant

Energy UseWorld PatternsPeople in developed societies use more energy than people in developing countries.Differences within developed countries too.Ex: Canada/US uses 2x that of Japan or Switzerland.Energy Use in the United StatesUses more energy than all except Canada and United Arab Emirates.Uses more than ____to transport goods and people by truck and personal vehicle.Lowest fuel cost = Japan and Switzerland have minimal fossil fuel and supplement with other energy sources.

Check for Understanding:Give 2 reasons why the United States uses more energy per person compared with most other countries.How Fossil-Fuel Deposits FormNot distributed evenly.

Coal FormationForms from remains of plants that lived in swampsMuch in US formed 320 to 300 million years ago (vast swampland covered eastern US).Coal in western US only 100 40 million years ago.Ocean levels rose and fell = swamps covered with sediment.First forms Peat:

Layers of sediment compress the peat into lignite:

Sediment compressed plant remains and heat and pressure within Earths crust caused coal to form.Peat

Lignite

Oil and Natural Gas FormationResult from

Remains buried by sediments and heated =

Molecules migrated into porous rocks.

CoalMost of fossil fuel reserves made of coal.

Advantages: Coal Mining and the EnvironmentUnderground = Surface miningRemove top of entire mountain to reach coal. Air PollutionHigh grade coal produces less pollution and more heat.Ex: bituminous coal: Anthracite coal:

Low grade coal produces more pollution and less heatEx: lignateSulfur found in coal = pollution

PetroleumPetroleum:

Petroleum product:

Ex: Accounts for _____of worlds commercial energy use. Locating Oil DepositsFound in and around geologic features (folds, faults, salt domes) that trap oil as it moves in Earths crust.Exploration wells drilled to determine volume and availability of deposit.Wells drilled and oil pumped or flows to surface. Natural Gas_____of nonrenewable energy comes from natural gas. Recovered fromProduces fewerFossil Fuels and the FutureFossil fuels supply _____of the energy used in developed countries.It is projected that by 2050, our energy needs will have DOUBLED.Predicting Oil ProductionStill increasing, but slowly.Factors considered in oil predictions:Oil Reserves:Some oil deposits have not been discovered or become commercial.Changes in technology to allow more oil to be extracted.Relative cost of obtaining oil.Future Oil ReservesGeologists predict that oil production from fields accessible from land will peak in 2010.Additional oil under ocean floor = more expensive.The Environmental Effects of Using OilPollution released into the air.Contribute to formation of smog and cause health problems.Carbon Dioxide released may contribute to global warming.Oil spills

Biomass FuelsBiomass Fuels:

Ex: GarbageThe materials you throw away; composed mostly of organic material.2/3 of material in it can be burned; some cities burning garbage to generate electricity.MethaneSwamp gas produced in swamps from decaying plants.A naturally produced form of methane.AlcoholBioconversion:

A hydrocarbon in which one of the hydrogens is replaced with an oxygen-hydrogen group.