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Transcript of Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy. How Long Will the Oil Party Last? Saudi Arabia could supply the...
Chapter 15Chapter 15
Nonrenewable EnergyNonrenewable Energy
How Long Will the Oil Party Last? How Long Will the Oil Party Last? Saudi Arabia could supply Saudi Arabia could supply
the world with oil for about the world with oil for about _________._________.
The Alaska’s North Slope The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil could meet the world oil demand for ______ (U.S.: demand for ______ (U.S.: 3 years).3 years).
Alaska’s Arctic National Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would meet Wildlife Refuge would meet the world demand for 1-5 the world demand for 1-5 months (U.S.: 7-25 months (U.S.: 7-25 months).months).
We have three options:We have three options: Look for more oil.Look for more oil. Use or waste less oil.Use or waste less oil. Use something else.Use something else.
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCESTYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES
About _____% of the energy we use for heat About _____% of the energy we use for heat comes from the ______ and the other 1% comes from the ______ and the other 1% comes mostly from burning _____________.comes mostly from burning _____________. Solar energy indirectly supports wind power, Solar energy indirectly supports wind power,
hydropower, and biomass.hydropower, and biomass. About 76% of the commercial energy we use About 76% of the commercial energy we use
comes from _______________________ (oil, comes from _______________________ (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.coming from renewable sources.
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCESTYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Nonrenewable energy resources and Nonrenewable energy resources and geothermal energy in the earth’s crust.geothermal energy in the earth’s crust.
Figure 16-2Figure 16-2
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCESTYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Commercial energy use by source for the Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right).world (left) and the U.S. (right).
Figure 16-3Figure 16-3
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCESTYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Net energy is the Net energy is the amount of high-amount of high-quality usable quality usable energy available energy available from a resource from a resource after after _______________________________________________._______________.
The higher the ____ energy The higher the ____ energy ratio, the greater the ____ ratio, the greater the ____ energy available. Ratios < 1 energy available. Ratios < 1 indicate a net energy loss.indicate a net energy loss.
OILOIL Crude oil (____________________) is a Crude oil (____________________) is a
thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt.heating oil and asphalt. Only _______________% can be economically Only _______________% can be economically
recovered from a deposit.recovered from a deposit. As ________________, about 10-25% more can As ________________, about 10-25% more can
be recovered from expensive secondary be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques.extraction techniques.• This lowers the net energy yield.This lowers the net energy yield.
OILOIL Refining crude oil:Refining crude oil:
Based on boiling Based on boiling points, components points, components are removed at are removed at various layers in a various layers in a giant distillation giant distillation column.column.
The most volatile The most volatile components with components with the lowest boiling the lowest boiling points are removed points are removed at the top.at the top.
Figure 16-5Figure 16-5
OILOIL
Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves.unproven reserves.
After global production peaks and begins a After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.have not shifted to new energy alternatives.
OILOIL
Inflation-adjusted price of oil, 1950-2006.Inflation-adjusted price of oil, 1950-2006.Figure 16-6Figure 16-6
Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil Shale: Will Sticky Black Gold Save Us?Shale: Will Sticky Black Gold Save Us? Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil
shale could supplement conventional oil, but shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems.there are environmental problems. High sulfur content.High sulfur content. Extracting and processing produces:Extracting and processing produces:
• __________________________• Uses and contaminates larges volumes of _______Uses and contaminates larges volumes of _______• Requires large inputs of ________which reduces net Requires large inputs of ________which reduces net
energy yield.energy yield.
Oil ShalesOil Shales
Oil shales contain Oil shales contain a solid a solid combustible combustible mixture of mixture of hydrocarbons hydrocarbons called called kerogenkerogen..
Figure 16-9Figure 16-9
NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil.often found above reservoirs of crude oil. When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are
liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).(LPG).
Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas.natural gas.
NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
Russia and Iran have ____________Russia and Iran have ____________ _____________ of conventional gas, and _____________ of conventional gas, and
global reserves should last 62-125 years.global reserves should last 62-125 years. Natural gas is versatile and ______________ Natural gas is versatile and ______________
fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and carbon dioxide (when burned) and __________ (from leaks) into the __________ (from leaks) into the troposphere.troposphere.
NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
Some analysts see Some analysts see natural gas as the natural gas as the best fuel to help us best fuel to help us make the transition to make the transition to improved energy improved energy efficiency and greater efficiency and greater use of renewable use of renewable energy.energy.
Figure 16-11Figure 16-11
COALCOAL
Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago.plants that lived 300-400 million years ago.
Figure 16-12Figure 16-12
Fig. 16-13, p. 369
Waste heat
Coal bunker TurbineCooling tower
transfers waste heat to
atmosphereGenerator
Cooling loop
StackPulverizing mill
Condenser Filter
Boiler
Toxic ash disposal
COALCOAL
Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last ___________________ and China could last ___________________ __________________________________________________ The U.S. has ____% of the world’s proven coal The U.S. has ____% of the world’s proven coal
reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%).(13%).
In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for ___% In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for ___% of the global coal consumption.of the global coal consumption.
COALCOAL
Coal is the most Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil but compared to oil and natural gas it is and natural gas it is not as versatile, has not as versatile, has a high environmental a high environmental impact, and releases impact, and releases much more COmuch more CO22 into into the troposphere.the troposphere.
Figure 16-14Figure 16-14
COALCOAL
Coal can be converted into synthetic natural Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal.cleaner than coal. Costs are _________.Costs are _________. Burning them adds more ________ to the Burning them adds more ________ to the
troposphere than burning coal.troposphere than burning coal.
COALCOAL
Since Since COCO22 is not is not regulated as an air regulated as an air pollutantpollutant and costs are and costs are high, U.S. coal-high, U.S. coal-burning plants are burning plants are unlikely to invest in unlikely to invest in coal gasification.coal gasification.
Figure 16-15Figure 16-15
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
When isotopes of ___________________ When isotopes of ___________________ undergo controlled nuclear fission, the undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity.turbines to generate electricity. The uranium oxide consists of about 97% The uranium oxide consists of about 97%
nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable uranium-235.uranium-235.
The concentration of uranium-235 is increased The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an ______________.through an ______________.
Fig. 16-16, p. 372
Small amounts of radioactive gasesUranium fuel
input (reactor core)
Control rodsContainment shell
Heat exchanger
Steam Turbine Generator
Waste heatElectric power
Hot coolant Useful energy
25%–30%Hot water outputPumpPump
Coolant Pump Pump
ModeratorCool water input
Waste heat
Shielding Pressure vessel
Coolant passage
Water CondenserPeriodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies
Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes
Water source (river, lake, ocean)
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
After three or four After three or four years in a reactor, years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are spent fuel rods are removed and stored removed and stored in a deep pool of in a deep pool of water contained in a water contained in a steel-lined concrete steel-lined concrete container.container.
Figure 16-17Figure 16-17
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, they are sometimes moved to dry-storage they are sometimes moved to dry-storage containers made of steel or concrete.containers made of steel or concrete.
Figure 16-17Figure 16-17
Fig. 16-18, p. 373
Decommissioning of reactorFuel assemblies
ReactorEnrichment of UF6 Fuel fabricationFuel fabrication
(conversion of enriched UF(conversion of enriched UF66 to UOto UO22 and fabrication of and fabrication of fuel assemblies)fuel assemblies) Temporary storage of Temporary storage of
spent fuel assemblies spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry underwater or in dry caskscasks
Conversion of U3O8 to UF6
Uranium-235 as UFUranium-235 as UF66 Plutonium-239 as PuOPlutonium-239 as PuO22
Spent fuel Spent fuel reprocessingreprocessing
Low-level radiation Low-level radiation with long half-lifewith long half-life
Geologic disposal of moderate &
high-level radioactive
wastesOpen fuel cycle today“Closed” end fuel cycle
Case Study: The Chernobyl Nuclear Case Study: The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant AccidentPower Plant Accident
The world’s worst nuclear power plant The world’s worst nuclear power plant accident occurred in _________________.accident occurred in _________________.
The disaster was caused by _______ reactor The disaster was caused by _______ reactor design ______________________.design ______________________.
By 2005, 56 people had died from radiation By 2005, 56 people had died from radiation released.released. 4,000 more are expected from thyroid cancer and 4,000 more are expected from thyroid cancer and
leukemia.leukemia.
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
_____________________nuclear power _____________________nuclear power plants, especially poorly protected pools and plants, especially poorly protected pools and casks that store spent nuclear fuel rods.casks that store spent nuclear fuel rods.
Terrorists could wrap _________________ Terrorists could wrap _________________ _______________ materials that are fairly _______________ materials that are fairly easy to get, detonate such bombs, and easy to get, detonate such bombs, and contaminate large areas for decades.contaminate large areas for decades.
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its useful life, its highly radioactive materials its useful life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment must be kept from reaching the environment for __________________________.for __________________________.
At least ___________________________ At least ___________________________ reactors worldwide (20 in the U.S.) are reactors worldwide (20 in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by 2012.scheduled for retirement by 2012. Many reactors are applying to extent their 40-Many reactors are applying to extent their 40-
year license to 60 years.year license to 60 years. Aging reactors are subject to embrittlement and Aging reactors are subject to embrittlement and
corrosion.corrosion.