Chapter 15 European monarchs came into conflicts as they flexed their military might and sought to...
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Chapter 15
• European monarchs came into conflicts as they flexed their military might and sought to satisfy their ambitions through state-building, an attempt to increase their own power and solidify their states.
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Statebuilding and War
• Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe– New Leadership in Expanding Russia
• The nobility took back some of the authority it had lost to Peter
– Catherine the Great• Her family married her to Peter III• She conspired with officers, who assassinated him
and declared Catherine tsarina of Russia• She defeated the Turks in 1774
– The Partition of Poland• Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided Poland
among themselves
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Statebuilding and War
• Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe (Cont.)– Forging a Military State in Prussia
• Fredrick William I was obsessed with the military• 70 percent of the state’s budget went to the armed forces• He required all men to register for military service
– Austria Tries to Hold On• Austria contained a complex array of language groups• Austria could barely control Hungary• Maria Theresa could afford only a relatively small army
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Statebuilding and War
– The Midcentury Land Wars• Fredrick marched his troops into Silesia• He forged alliances with other German states against Austria
– The Diplomatic Revolution• Fredrick signed an alliance with Great Britain, and Maria
Theresa solidified a new alliance with France• The shift of alliances transformed former enemies into friends
• Warfare in the Eighteenth Century
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Statebuilding and War
• Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry– The French Monarchy in Decline
• People criticized Louis XIV for dragging France into foreign conflicts
• After Louis’s death in 1715, France’s parlements angled for a restoration of the powers
– Making the British System Work• House of Lords – nobles, House of Commons – commoners• Parliament controlled taxation, lawmaking, and the process
for bringing grievances to the monarchy
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Statebuilding and War
– Colonies, Trade, and War• France and Britain fought over colonies, and made
their greatest profits from trade across the Atlantic.• British colonists’ expansion and resistance from
local tribes, led to savage battles.
– The Triangle of Trade• Europe, Africa, and the Americas• Sugar, rum, coffee, and dyestuffs
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Statebuilding and War
– The Slave Trade• Ships from Europe carried manufactured goods
and gin to western Africa and traded them for slaves
– Fighting on Three Continents• The War of the Austrian Succession• The French an Indian War• The Seven Years War
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Chapter 15
• In spite of declining monarchies in Britain and France, royals in other countries maintained their authority by justifying their rule in terms of enlightened absolutism.– Fredrick the Great
• He knew and spoke the phrases of the Enlightenment• He initiated codification of the laws, abolished torture, and
ended most capital punishment
– Joseph II– Style, Substance, or Survival?
• Monarchs found it easier to manifest their “enlightenment” in style rather than substance
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Chapter 15
• Social and economic changes paralleled the ambitious politics and wars in Western societies, especially in the countryside, improving some lives but plunging others into poverty.
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Changes in Country and City Life
• The Agricultural Revolution– New Crops and Techniques
• In Holland and Britain, farmers began experimenting with clover, turnips, potatoes, and legumes
• Farmers used new crops to feed livestock, and more cattle meant more dairy products
– Enclosures• Landowners enclosed land with fences, hedges, and walls
• Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside: Cottage Industry
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Changes in Country and City Life
• More People, Longer Lives– Population Growth
• Europe’s population jumped from approximately 110 million in 1700 to 190 million in 1800
– Eighteenth-Century Medicine• Inoculation against smallpox• They learned to treat soldiers for shock before operating, and
to clean wounds
• Deepening Misery for the Poor• Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie
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Chapter 15
• While aristocratic and royal patronage of the arts was still crucial, the audiences for culture expanded as artistic styles and cultural forms were changing and reflected a “cult of sensibility.”
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The Culture of the Elite: Combining the Old and the New
• The Advent of the Modern Novel• Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Pamela, Virtue Rewarded,
Tom Jones, Evelina, Young Lady’s Entrance
• Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture• Antoine Watteau, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, William Hogarth
• Reaching New Heights in Music– Baroque Music
• Johann Sebastian Bach created great music for organ, harpsichord, clavichord, orchestra, and chorus; and wrote 46 operas
• George Fredric Handel wrote instrumental and vocal music
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The Culture of the Elite: Combining the Old and the New
– The Classical Style• Franz Joseph Haydn wrote more than a hundred
symphonies• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed more than
600 works and excelled in all forms; symphonies, piano concertos, and operas
• The Grand Tour
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Chapter 15
• The lower classes had their own forms of culture which helped to foster a common identity and often revolved around religion, festivals, and oral traditions, although literacy was rising.
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Culture for the Lower Classes
• Festivals and Popular Literature
• Gin and Beer• All the social classes also engaged in drinking wine, brandy,
gin, or beer.
• Religious Revivals– Pietism
• Religious revivals spread from community to community• John Wesley
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Chapter 15
• The first major event to upset the social and political stability of the West took place as Britian’s North American colonies fought to free themselves from British rule.
• Insults, Interests, and Principals: The Seeds of Revolt– New Commercial Regulations and Taxes
• The Stamp Act of 1765 taxed printed documents such as newspapers, pamphlets, and wills
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Foreshadowing Upheaval: The American Revolution
• A War for Independence• The Second Continental Congress appointed
George Washington its military commander• On July 4, 1776 Congress issued the Declaration
of Independence, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson
• Treaty of Paris in 1783
• Creating the New Nation– War for Independence or Revolution?