CHAPTER 15: EASTERN EUROPE. Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Belarus Ukraine Moldova Romania ...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 15: EASTERN EUROPE. Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Belarus Ukraine Moldova Romania ...
CHAPTER 15: EASTERN EUROPE
PolandLithuaniaLatviaEstoniaBelarusUkraineMoldovaRomaniaBulgariaMacedoniaAlbania
Serbia & Montenegro
Bosnia & Herzegovina
CroatiaSloveniaHungarySlovakiaCzech Republic
COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN EASTERN EUROPE
SECTION 1: PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY
The physical geography of Eastern Europe varies widely from the north to the south. It includes wide open plains, rugged mountain ranges, and many rivers. The climate varies as well.
The plains in this region include the North European Plain, Great Hungarian Plain
There are 3 mountain ranges in this area: The Carpathians, the Dinaric Alps and the Balkans
PSYCHICAL GEOGRAPHY
Rivers: The Danube River Largest river in the region
Connects cities of the region and empties into the sea
Provides outlet for trade
Provides hydroelectricity
PSYCHICAL GEOGRAPHY
Seas: The Black Sea
Best for transpiration Its southerly location makes the Black sea accessible year-round
The Adriatic Sea Baltic Sea
All the seas serve as transportation routes and trade routes that have been used by the people in this region for hundreds of years and continue to be used today.
PSYCHICAL GEOGRAPHY
Climate varies around the region; not one specific
Baltic Coast is the coldest location Long harsh winters
Interior Plains Mild climate with some
very cold winters and pleasant mild summers
Varied vegetation due to the mild climate
The Balkan Peninsula Mediterranean
climate with warm summers and mild winters; making it a popular tourist destination.
PSYCHICAL GEOGRAPHY
SECTION 2: POLAND AND THE BALTIC
REPUBLICS
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
History ties Poland and the Baltic Republics together.
The region has often been a battlefield.
The cultures in these areas differ in language and religion but they share common customs.
Economic growth is a major issue in the region today.
SECTION 2: POLAND AND THE BALTIC REPUBLICS
Early HistoryThe area around the Baltic Sea was settled by many different groups. Estonians Latvians Lithuanians Polish
Independent kingdomsStrongest: Lithuania and Poland
Weakest: Estonia and Latvia were often invaded.
EARLY HISTORY
World WarsMuch of the fighting during WW1 took place in Poland
During WW2, Poland was attacked by Germany in the West and the Soviet Union in the East.
Property all over Poland was destroyed.
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were occupied by the Soviet army
WORLD WARS
Soviet Domination After WW2, the Soviet army
dominated Eastern Europe. Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania became parts of USSR.
Poland remained free but was forced to accept a Communist government.
Poland rejected it and elected new leaders in 1989.
The Baltic Republics broke away from the Soviet Union in 1991 and became independent.
SOVIET DOMINATION
Culture Languages are different and
so are the religions. Poland & Lithuania – Roman
Catholic, traded with RC countries
Estonia & Latvia – once occupied by Sweden, are Lutheran
Common customs Similar food
Potatoes, Sausage, Seafood Entertainment
Music and Dance Chopin – Polish pianist and
composer Crafts
Pottery, painting, embroidery
CULTURE
The Region TodayAll economies suffered because the Soviets did not build a decent infrastructure.
Warsaw is becoming a major industrial center. Today they are building
new factories with modern technology to replace outdated factories.
Increased tourism to rich cultural areas.
IN THE REGION TODAY
Each year this Estonian city attracts many tourists to its medieval Old Town. Built in the 11 th – 15 th centuries, it is now a World Heritage site.
Tallinn has many medieval churches and guild halls, places where craftsmen or wealthy merchants met. Another attraction is the Kadriorg Palace and Park, built in 1718 as a summer home for czar Peter the Great and his family.
TALLINN, ESTONIA
Czech RepublicSlovakiaHungaryUkraineBelarusMoldova
SECTION 3: INLAND EASTERN EUROPE
The histories and cultures of inland Eastern Europe vary from country to country. Medieval churches stand near huge imperial fortresses and Soviet-built warehouses – all relics of the region’s history.
HISTORY AND CULTURE
Once many small kingdoms
Slav people were from Asia and moved to Europe in 1000 AD
Slavic kingdoms were later conquered by Austria
WW1 ended and the Allies took land away from Austria to form a new nation This land eventually split
into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993
Because of their location these two countries have many Western influences Roman Catholic Prague (capital of Czech
Republic ) architecture
CZECH REPUBLIC & SLOVAKIA
In the 900s a group of fierce invaders called the Magyars moved in and conquered what is now called Hungary.
Eventually conquered by Austria
Languages is based on the language spoken by the Magyars.
People still refer to themselves as Magyars today.
HUNGARY
Settled by SlavsVikings would later
conquered the SlavsGroup called the Rus
build a settlement near Kiev, Ukraine and eventually created a huge empire.
1700s – it became part of Russia.
USSR formed in 1922 and Belarus and Ukraine were made into Soviet republics. Moldova 2 years later. Independence in 1991
Russian influences
Orthodox Christians
Ukrainian and Belarusian languages are written in Cyrillic, or Russian alphabet.
UKRAINE/BELARUS/MOLDOVA
Governments Communist
governments during the Soviet era
Today most are republics with elected leaders Belarus claims to be a
republic but is really a dictatorship.
International alliances with former USSR states.
Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary seek to be closer to the West.
Economy Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Hungary, and Ukraine have been successful All four have thriving
Industrial centers and good farmland
INLAND EASTERN EUROPE TODAY
Albania
Macedonia
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Serbia
Montenegro
Romania
Bulgaria
SECTION 4: THE BALKAN COUNTRIES
The history of the Balkan countries is one of conquest and conflict. The presence of these many groups continues to shape life in the area today.
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES
600s – Ancient Greeks founded colonies on the Black Sea
Later Romans conquered the region
The Balkan Peninsula became part of the Eastern, or Byzantine Empire. Under this rule, most
became Orthodox Christians.
EARLY HISTORY
The Ottoman Turks then conquered the region Many people
converted to Muslim1800s, people rose
up and drove the Turks out.
Trouble between the Balkan kingdoms and their neighbors led to WW1
The Austro-Hungarian empire had taken over part of the peninsula
In protest a man from Serbia shot the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, sparking the war.
The Balkans changed after WW1, with the countries being divided and newly created.
Conflict continued between ethnic and religious groups.
WORLD WAR 1 AND AFTER
CultureReligion
Most are Christian Orthodox Christianity Roman Catholic Protestant
Albania – Most are Muslim
LanguageSlavic - Russian tiesRomania – Latin connection
Albanian – uniqueRoma – language of their own
CULTURE AND LANGUAGE
Once run by Communist governments
Weak economic planning has left most of them poor and struggling to improve their economies.
Problems among religious and ethnic groupsEthnic cleansing – the effort to remove all members of an group from a country or region.
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES TODAY
AlbaniaPoorest country High unemployment and crime rates
MacedoniaOnce part of Yugoslavia
Only country to break away peacefully
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES TODAY
SloveniaBroke away from Yugoslavia
Joined the European Union
CroatiaEthnic Croats and Serbs fought over the land
Many Serbs left CroatiaPeace restored
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES TODAY
Bosnia & HerzegovinaPeace restoredRebuilding
Serbia & MontenegroOnce part of Yugoslavia
These countries were united
Ethnic fighting
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES TODAY
RomaniaLargest of the Balkan states
Poor leaders have left its government and economy in ruins
BulgariaChanged dramaticallyWorking to develop a capitalistic economy based on industry and tourism
THE BALKAN COUNTRIES TODAY