CHAPTER 15...CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System 1.Endocrine glands 2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland...
Transcript of CHAPTER 15...CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System 1.Endocrine glands 2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland...
Title
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Immune system
Signal transduction
systems in multicellular
organisms
CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System
1.Endocrine glands
2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
3.Thyroid and parathyroid glands
4.Adrenal glands
5.Pancreas
6.Other endocrine glands
7.Homeostasis
pancreas
arteriole
liver insulin
liver cell
b. Reception of insulin, a hormone
a. Reception of a neurotransmitter
axon of
nerve fiber
neurotransmitters
axon terminal
vesicle
Fig. 15.1 The action of neurotransmitter differs from that of a hormone. 15.1 Endocrine glands
Common points:
Different points:
structural transmitter method speed
components substances
Nervous system neurons neurotransmitters axons & synapses rapid
Endocrine system
( )
( ) (
)
( ) ( )
Fig. 15.2 The endocrine system ( )
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal cortex
Parathyroids
Thymus
Pancreas
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
ovary (female)
testis
(male)
parathyroid glands
(posterior surface of thyroid)
視床下部
下垂体(前葉、後葉)
甲状腺
副腎
副腎皮質
副甲状腺
胸腺
膵臓
性腺(精巣、卵巣)
Table 15.1
松果体
Hypothalamus Hypothalamic hormone-producing cells posterior pituitary
hormone-
producing cells*
ACTH
producing cells
TSH
producing cells
Aderenal
cortex Thyroid
Pituitary
Lower
endocrine
systems
TRH
cortisol T3,T4
GH
producing cells
PRL
producing cells
Liver Mammary
gland
(PRF)
PIH
IGF-1
LH/FSH
producing cells
Gonads
sex hormones
ADH OT
Hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine system
Releasing:
Inhibiting:
#not included in
posterior pituitary
hormones
CRH
Whole body
GHRH GHIH
(Somatostatin)
GnRH
(=LHRH)
whole body whole body sex organ etc bone etc
Exocrine versus Endocrine (p334)
Duct(s)
膵内分泌
( )
Fig. 15.7 Negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
target gland
target gland hormone
(hormone 3)
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine
feedback
inhibits
release of
hormone 2
TSH
feedback
inhibits
release of
hormone 1
TRH
stimulating hormone
(hormone 2)
TSH
releasing hormone
(hormone 1)
TRH
Negative feedback (p335)
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells. nontarget cell
receptors
capillary
hormone
target cells
Receptors (p336)
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.
capillary
Androgen insensitivity (p336)
androgen
e.g., prostaglandins and growth factors.
Prostaglandins are produced, but not carried elsewhere in
the bloodstream.
Local hormones (p336)
アドレナリン
アルドステロン
インスリン
The Action of Hormones (p337)
Peptide hormones
ペプチドホルモン
Steroid hormones
ステロイドホルモン
Amino acid-derived hormones
アミノ酸誘導体ホルモン
Fig. 15.4 Action of a peptide hormone. capillary
receptor protein
3. cAM P activates an enzyme cascade.
glycogen
1. Hormone binds to a
receptor in the plasma
membrane.
2. Binding leads to
activation of an
enzyme that changes
ATP to cyclic AMP.
cAMP (second messenger)
plasma
membrane
ATP
glucose
(leaves cell
and goes
to blood)
4. Many molecules of
glycogen are broken
down to glucose,
which enters the
bloodstream.
peptide hormone
(first messenger)
activated
enzyme
Fig. 15.5 Action of a steroid hormone and amino acid-derived hormones.
DN A
ribosome
protein
cytoplasm
1. Hormone diffuses
through plasma
membrane because
it is lipid soluble.
2. Hormone binds
to receptor inside
nucleus.
steroid
hormone
receptor
protein
mRNA
mRNA 3. Hormone-receptor
complex activates
gene and synthesis
of a specific mRNA
molecule follows.
4. mRNA moves to
ribosomes, and protein
synthesis occurs.
nucleus