Chapter 15 & 16 notes
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Transcript of Chapter 15 & 16 notes
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CHAPTER 15 & 16 CHAPTER 15 & 16 NOTESNOTES
““POPULATIONS & POPULATIONS & ECOSYSTEMS”ECOSYSTEMS”
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I. HOW POPULATIONS GROWI. HOW POPULATIONS GROW
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A. A. PopulationPopulation – consists of all the individuals – consists of all the individuals of a of a speciesspecies that live together in one place at that live together in one place at one time.one time.
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B. Survival of a B. Survival of a populationpopulation determined by 3 determined by 3 features:features:
1. population size - # of individuals in a population. Very small populations most likely to become extinct.
2. population density - # of individuals that live in a given area.
3. dispersion – way the individuals of a population are arranged in space.
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C. Population growth – limited by predators, disease, and the availability of resources.
1. carrying capacity – population size that an environment can support.
2. density dependent factors – limited resources such as food, water
3. density independent factors – environmental conditions; weather, climate
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II. HOW POPULATIONS II. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVEEVOLVE
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A. Hardy-Weinberg Principle – the frequencies of alleles in a population do not change unless evolutionary forces act on the population.
1. mutation
2. gene flow
3. nonrandom mating
4. genetic drift
5. natural selection – such as the mice populations – run-speed
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III. CHARACTERISTICS OF III. CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS
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A. Ecology – the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
B. Habitat – the place where a particular population of a species lives.
1. Abiotic – physical factors of a habitat.Ex: soil, water, weather
2. Biotic – living factors in a habitat.
Ex: plants, animals, bacteria, fungi
C. Community – many different species that live together in a habitat.
D. Ecosystem – consists of a community and all of the physical factors of its habitat.
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Community/EcosystemCommunity/Ecosystem
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IV. CHANGES OF ECOSYSTEMS IV. CHANGES OF ECOSYSTEMS OVER TIMEOVER TIME
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A. Examples of new habitats and ecosystem development include: volcano forming a new island, glacier recedes and exposes bare rock, a fire burning all of the vegetation in an area.
B. Pioneer species – first organisms to live in a new habitat.
C. Succession – a somewhat regular progression of species replacement
1. Primary succession – occurs where plants have not grown before.
Ex: Glacier Bay, Alaska
2. Secondary succession – occurs in areas where there has been previous growth.
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Examples of SuccessionExamples of Succession
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V. ENERGY FLOW IN AN V. ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM
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A. Trophic level – the different energy levels in a food chain or pyramid.
B. Food chain – the path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem.
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1. First level – producers – green plants and algae
2. Second level– primary consumers (herbivores)
3. Third level – secondary consumers eat the herbivores (carnivores,omnivores)
4. Fourth level – tertiary consumers – (carnivores that consume carnivores)
5. At every level decomposers are found that break down the dead remains of all organisms. Ex: bacteria, fungi
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C. Food web – a complicated, interconnected group of food chains.
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D. The amount of energy available decreases as it passes from 1 trophic level to the next. Only about 10% of the energy from one level is passed on to the next level.
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VI. BIOGEOCHEMICAL VI. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLESCYCLES
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A. Cycles which pass nutrients from the nonliving environment to the living environment and back.
1. Water cycle – includes precipitation, evaporation, transpiration
2. Carbon cycle- includes respiration, combustion, and erosion.
3. Nitrogen cycle- 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen. Bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to make ammonia.