Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.
-
Upload
christian-schneider -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.
![Page 1: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 14
![Page 2: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm
![Page 3: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Thunderstorms
A storm containing lightening and thunder; convective storms may have heavy rain hail
Ordinary Cell ThunderstormsAir-mass thunderstorms: limited wind sheerStages: cumulus, mature, dissipatingEntrainment, downdraft, gust front
![Page 4: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A dissipating thunderstorm
![Page 6: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsThunderstorms that contain a number of
convection cells, each in a different stage of development, moderate to strong wind shear; tilt, over shooting top
![Page 7: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Multicell storm
![Page 8: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsMicro-bursts: localized downdraft that hits
the ground and spreads horizontally in a radial burst of wind; wind shear, virga
![Page 9: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dust clouds from microbursts
![Page 10: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsGust Front: leading edge of the cold air out-
flowing air; shelf cloud, roll cloud, outflow boundary
![Page 11: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater than or equal to 50kts, or tornado, tilted updraft/downdraft
![Page 13: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Shelf cloud
![Page 14: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsSquall-line thunderstorms; line of multi-cell
thunderstorms, pre-frontal squall-line, derecho
![Page 17: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pre frontalSquall line
![Page 18: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pre frontalSquall line
![Page 20: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The thunderstorms are producing strong straight-line winds called a derecho
![Page 23: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsMeso-scale Convective Complex: a number
of individual multi-cell thunderstorms grow in size and organize into a large circular convective weather system; summer, 10,000km2
![Page 24: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Supercell thunderstormsLarge, long-lasting thunderstorm with a
single rotating updraftStrong vertical wind shearOutflow never undercuts updraftClassic, high precipitation and low
precipitation supercellsRain free base
![Page 26: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A supercell thunderstormwith a tornado sweeps over Texas
![Page 27: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Supercell thunderstormsStrong vertical wind shearSurface, 850mb, 700mb, 500mb, 300mb
conditions low-level jet
![Page 30: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Supercell thunderstormsCap and convective instability
![Page 32: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms and the DrylineSharp, horizontal change in moistureThunderstorms form just east of drylinecP, mT, cT
![Page 34: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 14-23, p. 384
![Page 35: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Floods and Flash FloodsLarge floods can be created by training of
storm systems, Great Flood of 1993
Flash floods rise rapidly with little or no advance warning; many times caused by stalled or slow thunderstorm
![Page 36: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig. 14-25, p. 387
downtown Des Moines, Iowa, during July, 1993
![Page 38: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Topic: Big Thompson CanyonJuly 31, 1976, 12 inches of rain in 4 hours
created a flood associated with $35.5million in damage and 135 deaths
![Page 39: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 1, p. 386
![Page 40: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Flash FloodsSlow moving or Stalled thunder Storm, especially in canyon areas
135 deaths in 1976 flood12 inches of rain in 4 hours(normal ~16 inches /year)
![Page 41: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Distribution of ThunderstormsMost frequent Florida, Gulf Coast, Central
PlainsFewest Pacific coast and Interior valleysMost frequent hail Central Plains
![Page 45: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Lightening and ThunderLightening: discharge of electricity in mature
storms (within cloud, cloud to cloud, cloud to ground)
Thunder: explosive expansion of air due to heat from lightening
Electrification of Clouds: graupel and hailstones fall through supercooled water, ice crystals become negatively charged
Upper cloud positive, bottom cloud negative
![Page 53: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Observations: ElvesBlue jets, red sprite, ELVES
![Page 58: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fig. 2, p. 390
![Page 59: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Thunderstorms
The Lightening StrokePositive charge typically on ground, cloud to
ground lighteningStepped leader, ground stroke, forked
lightening, ribbon lightening, bead lightening, corona discharge
![Page 60: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Observation: Apple treeDO NOT seek shelter during a thunderstorm
under an isolated tree.
Lightening Detection and SuppressionLightening direction finder detects
radiowaves produced by lightening, sphericsNational Lightening Detection NetworkSuppression: seed clouds with aluminum
![Page 62: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fig. 3, p. 395
![Page 64: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fig. 14-32, p. 392
![Page 65: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 14-33, p. 393
![Page 66: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 14-34, p. 393
fulgurite
![Page 68: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fig. 14-35, p. 394
![Page 69: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Fig. 14-36, p. 394
sferics
![Page 70: Chapter 14. Wall Cloud associated with a super cell thunderstorm.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062618/551462b1550346284e8b599d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)