Chapter 14 Using Tests in Clinical and Counseling Settings.

Chapter 14Using Tests in Clinical and

Counseling Settings

Assessment vs Testing

bull Tests are focused and specific

bull Clinical ldquoassessmentrdquo includes a broad info-gathering and interpretation

The Role of Managed Care

bull Demand for greater accountability

bull Demand for short-term therapy Clients are expected to learn coping skills quickly

bull Reluctance to pay for extensive and expensive testing

bull Greater use of the psychiatric model of giving drugs

bull Emphasis on cost saving and efficiency

3 Models of How Testing Is Used by Clinicians and Counselors

bull Info-gathering model

bull Therapeutic model

bull Differential treatment model

Information-gathering Model

bull Provides standardized comprisons with others

bull Makes predictions about real world setting

bull Provides baseline measure for evaluating success of treatment

The Therapeutic Model

bull Assessment leads to dialog that facilitates behavioral change ie self-discovery and insights

The Differential Treatment Model

Testing provides data for evaluating treatments

Tests Used for Diagnosis and Intervention

bull Diagnosis indentifying the clientrsquos problem or disorder Also called screening

bull Can be informal

bull May involve a DSM-IV category and label

bull Diagnosis leads to the design of an intervention or treatment plan This process varies with the professional making the judgment (ie unreliably)

The Clinical Interview

bull Structured predetermined set of questions May be scored Leads to diagnosis

bull Nondirective clinical interview few predetermined questions most are ad hochellipflexible but can lead to hypothesis confirmation bias (ie seeking info to confirm a predetermined hunch)

bull Semistructured some predetermined questions some open-ended plus follow-up questions

Dangers of the Nondirective Interview

bull Hypothesis confirmation bias seeking info to confirm a predetermined hunch eg false memory syndrome

bull Self-fulfilling prophecy Interviewerrsquos expectations influence the clientrsquos actual responses

Structured Personality Tests

bull Objective self-report measures of psychopathological behavior eg MMPI-2 (Sample report)

bull Objective self-report measures of normal personality

bull 16 Personality Factor Inventory (16PF)

bull California Personality Inventory (CPI)

bull Strong Interest Inventory

Projective TechniquesStorytelling

1 Rorschach Inkblot Technique (Criticism)

Projective Techniques

Storytelling (contrsquod)

2 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective Drawing

1 House-Tree-Person (HTP)

2 Draw-A-Person Technique

Sentence Completion Test

Neuropsychological Tests

bull Electroencephalogram (EEG)

bull Event-related potential (ERP)

bull Imaging techniques eg PET MRI

Developmental ApplicationsPsychopathological Applicationsbull Anxiety specific brain structures (eg

temporal lobe) and neurotransmitters

bull Depression can affect test performance

bull Schizophrenia has been linked to brain dysfunction

Specialized Tests for Clinical Disorders

bull Single-construct tests such as the Beck Depression Inventory or Beck Anxiety Inventory

bull State vs trait testing such as SpielbergerrsquosState-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Beware of Bogus Personality Tests

bull The Barnum Effect accepting general character descriptions as being specifically applicable to ourselves Provides an illusion of uniqueness

bull (video example)

bull Graphology

end

Chapter 14 Using Tests in Clinical and Counseling Settings









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Developmental Applications Psychopathological Applications



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bull Tests are focused and specific

bull Clinical ldquoassessmentrdquo includes a broad info-gathering and interpretation










































Projective Drawing


















bull Graphology

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Projective Drawing


















bull Graphology

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bull Graphology

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Chapter 14 Using Tests in Clinical and Counseling Settings.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 14 Using Tests in Clinical and Counseling Settings.